ArticleNPJ digital medicine2023
Blood glucose variance measured by continuous glucose monitors across the menstrual cycle.
Article in NPJ digital medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluating the Speed of Carbohydrate Supplement Absorption in an Athletic Population
Role of the Fruit Matrix on the Absorption of Glucose From Orange Juice in Humans
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of 8-Hour Time-Restricted Eating (16/8 TRE) on Glucose Metabolism and Lipid Profile in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrition reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Improvements in glucose metabolism after high-, but not low-, volume strength exercise in individuals with obesity are associated with baseline insulin resistance: a secondary analysis from a randomized clinical trial.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Trial
- A study of changes in insulin requirements related to the menstrual cycle in Japanese women with type 1 diabetes using the advanced hybrid closed-loop system.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2026Article
- Female Mice Are Not More Variable Than Males: Evidence From Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Normoglycaemic C57BL/6 Mice.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- An Overview of the Impact of the Menstrual Cycle on Nutrient Metabolism: An Integrative Perspective.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Article
- Habitual nutrient intakes and postprandial glycaemic responses to glucose and orange juice among ethnically diverse adults in London: an exploratory cross-sectional analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Metabolic state shapes cortisol reactivity to acute stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of metabolic and hormonal modulators.Neurobiology of stress · 2025Article
- Continuous Glucose Monitoring under standardised conditions regarding diet, exercise and stress in Healthy Young People (CGM-HYPE study): An exploratory clinical trial.PLOS digital health · 2025Article
- Continuous glucose monitoring in adults with short bowel syndrome receiving overnight infusions of home parenteral nutrition.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Article
- The peri-ovulatory time period in humans is associated with increased taste sensitivity to glucose but not calorie-free sweeteners.Chemical senses · 2025Article
- Are there sex differences in the variability of fasting metabolism?Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2024Article
- Assessing Non-Laboratory Healthcare Professionals' Attitude towards the Importance of Patient Preparation for Laboratory Tests.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Impact of Physiological Fluctuations of Sex Hormones During the Menstrual Cycle on Glucose Metabolism and the Gut Microbiota.Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association · 2024Review
- Vaginal community state types (CSTs) alter environmental cues and production of theJournal of bacteriology · 2024Article
- In vivo techniques for assessment of insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.The Journal of endocrinology · 2024Review
- 17β-Estradiol Effects in Skeletal Muscle: ADiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Influence of Menstrual Cycle Phases on Maximal Strength Performance in Healthy Female Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The behavioral and physiological correlates of affective mood switching in premenstrual dysphoric disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
- The effects of fasting compared to eating a meal or snack during simulated night shift on changes in metabolism associated with circadian misalignment: a protocol and methods paper.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Past studies on how blood glucose levels vary across the menstrual cycle have largely shown inconsistent results based on limited blood draws. In this study, 49 individuals wore a Dexcom G6 continuous glucose monitor and a Fitbit Sense smartwatch while measuring their menstrual hormones and self-reporting characteristics of their menstrual cycles daily. The average duration of participation was 79.3 ± 21.2 days, leading to a total of 149 cycles and 554 phases in our dataset. We use periodic restricted cubic splines to evaluate the relationship between blood glucose and the menstrual cycle, after which we assess phase-based changes in daily median glucose level and associated physiological parameters using mixed-effects models. Results indicate that daily median glucose levels increase and decrease in a biphasic pattern, with maximum levels occurring during the luteal phase and minimum levels occurring during the late-follicular phase. These trends are robust to adjustments for participant characteristics (e.g., age, BMI, weight) and self-reported menstrual experiences (e.g., food cravings, bloating, fatigue). We identify negative associations between each of daily estrogen level, step count, and low degrees of fatigue with higher median glucose levels. Conversely, we find positive associations between higher food cravings and higher median glucose levels. This study suggests that blood glucose could be an important parameter for understanding menstrual health, prompting further investigation into how the menstrual cycle influences glucose fluctuation.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.