ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2024
Associations between food insecurity and other social risk factors among U.S. adults.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Microvascular Complications of Food Insecurity in a Vulnerable Patient Population.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- From Screening to Support: Exploring Patient Engagement With Health-Related Social Needs Services.AJPM focus · 2025Article
- Characterizing intersecting social determinants of health during pregnancy: a descriptive cross-sectional analysis from a northern New England health system.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Food Insecurity Prevalence and Risk Factors at a Large Academic Medical Center in Michigan.JAMA network open · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFood insecurity (FI) often co-exists with other social risk factors, which makes addressing it particularly challenging. The degree of association between FI and other social risk factors across different levels of income and before and during the COVID-19 pandemic is currently unknown, impeding the ability to design effective interventions for addressing these co-existing social risk factors.
objectiveTo determine the association between FI and other social risk factors overall and across different levels of income-poverty ratios and before (2019) and during (2020-2021) the pandemic.
designWe used nationally representative data from the 2019-2021 National Health Interview Survey for our cross-sectional analysis. Social risk factors available in NHIS included difficulties paying for medical bills, difficulties paying for medications, receiving income assistance, receiving rental assistance, and "not working last week". SUBJECTS: 93,047 adults (≥18 years old). KEY
resultsIndividuals with other social risk factors (except receiving income assistance) were more likely to report FI, even after adjusting for income and education inequalities. While poverty leads to a higher prevalence of FI, associations between FI and other social risk factors were stronger among people with higher incomes, which may be related to their ineligibility for social safety net programs. Associations were similar before and during the pandemic, perhaps due to the extensive provision of social safety net programs during the pandemic.
conclusionsFuture research should explore how access to a variety of social safety net programs may impact the association between social risk factors. With the expiration of most pandemic-related social supports, further research and monitoring are also needed to examine FI in the context of increasing food and housing costs. Our findings may also have implications for the expansion of income-based program eligibility criteria and screening for social risk factors across all patients and not only low-income people.
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Registered trials
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