Evidence map›Paper›PMID 37553655›Full record

ArticleBMC ophthalmology2023

Profiling and factors associated with glaucoma diagnostic practice in sub-Saharan Africa-a cross sectional study of Nigerian and Ghanaian optometrists.

Stephen Ocansey, Edgar Ekure, Uchechukwu L Osuagwu, Bernadine N Ekpenyong, Godwin Ovenseri-Ogbomo, Sylvester Kyeremeh, Kelechi C Ogbuehi, Kingsley E Agho, Khathutshelo P Mashige, Antor O Ndep and 2 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
1.4field-weighted citation impact, top 19% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Glaucoma case finding and management among optometrists in Ghana and Nigeria.Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry · 2025
    Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors at 10 institutions in 7 countries.

Stephen Ocansey *Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
Edgar Ekure *Department of Biomedicine, Salus University, 8360 Old York Road, Elkins Park, PA, 19027, USA.
Uchechukwu L OsuagwuBathurst Rural Clinical School (BRCS), School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, PO Box 9008, Bathurst, New South Wales, 2795, Australia. l.osuagwu@westernsydney.edu.au.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1727-6914
Bernadine N EkpenyongEpidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Godwin Ovenseri-OgbomoDepartment of Optometry, Centre for Health Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK.
Sylvester KyeremehDepartment of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, KNUST, Kumasi, AK-385-1973, Ghana.
Kelechi C OgbuehiDepartment of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand.
Kingsley E AghoAfrican Vision Research Institute, Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 3629, South Africa.
Khathutshelo P MashigeAfrican Vision Research Institute, Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 3629, South Africa.
Antor O NdepDepartment of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Kovin S NaidooAfrican Vision Research Institute, Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 3629, South Africa.
Centre for Eye Care, Public Health Intervention Initiative (CEPHII)
University of Calabar · NGCamden and Campbelltown Hospitals · AUKwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology · GHSalus University · USUniversity of Cape Coast · GHUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal · ZAUniversity of Otago · NZUniversity of the Highlands and Islands · GBUNSW Sydney · AUWestern Sydney University · AU

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundGhana and Nigeria are the two countries in Africa that currently run the Doctor of Optometry (OD) program in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Optometrists in these countries are licensed to provide glaucoma care. Despite the clinically relevant practice guidelines for glaucoma, there is no data on the practice patterns for glaucoma eye care in SSA, a region with the highest prevalence of glaucoma. This study aimed to profile glaucoma diagnosis adherence to practice guidelines among optometrists in two neighbouring anglophone countries (Nigeria and Ghana).

methodsA web-based cross-sectional survey of practising optometrists was conducted in both countries. Each country data was weighted to reflect the total number of licensed and practising optometrists at the time of this survey. Descriptive analyses were performed against demography and practice factors using survey commands to adjust for sampling weights when estimating confidence intervals (CI) around prevalence estimates. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with glaucoma diagnosis.

resultsA total of 493 optometrists (238, 48.3% and 255, 51.7%) from Ghana and Nigeria respectively, responded to the survey-the first to document and compare the glaucoma diagnostic criteria between optometrists in Ghana and Nigeria. More Ghanaian than Nigerian optometrists diagnosed glaucoma and over 90% in both countries reported that they frequently performed either tonometry, visual field testing, or fundus examination during glaucoma diagnosis. Ghanaian optometrists were significantly more likely to diagnose glaucoma than Nigerian optometrists (adjusted odd ratio, AOR = 6.15, 95%CI:1.63-23.15, P = .007). Optometrists who have practiced for more than 10 years (AOR = 7.04; 95%CI:1.74-28.47, P = .006) and private practice optometrists (AOR = 3.33; 95%CI:1.13-9.83, P = .03) were more likely to diagnose glaucoma.

conclusionsThe study provides information for evaluating glaucoma assessment for optometrists in both countries. Optometrists in both countries are reasonably well-equipped to diagnose glaucoma and are practicing at an adequate level, but with room for improvement.

Indexed as

GlaucomaOptometristsOptometryCross-Sectional StudiesGhanaHumansSurveys and QuestionnairesGhanaGlaucomaGlaucoma assessmentNigeriaOptometry

Identifiers

PMID37553655
PMCPMC10410918
OpenAlexW4385658321

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.