ArticleEmerging microbes & infections2023
The emergence of new antigen branches of H9N2 avian influenza virus in China due to antigenic drift on hemagglutinin through antibody escape at immunodominant sites.
Article in Emerging microbes & infections, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- H9N2 avian influenza virus in Muscovy ducks: a nationwide epidemiological survey and vaccine efficacy assessment.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- HVT-based multiepitope vaccine administered subcutaneously or in ovo boosts protection of inactivated H9N2 vaccine against heterologous virus.Virologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Phylogenetic Analyses and Biological Characterization of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Chickens in China from 2022 to 2023.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Enhanced replication of a contemporary avian influenza A H9N2 virus in human respiratory organoids.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Genetic Evolution of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Guangxi, China.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Construction of a replication-defective recombinant virus and cell-based vaccine for H9N2 avian influenza virus.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Baicalin enhances respiratory mucosal immunity by modulating antiviral protein expression and T-cell homeostasis during H9N2 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Research publications and global manufacture of veterinary vaccines against avian influenza A (2019-2023).Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Hemagglutinin glycosylation pattern-specific effects: implications for the fitness of H9.4.2.5-branched H9N2 avian influenza viruses.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Proposal for a Global Classification and Nomenclature System for A/H9 Influenza Viruses.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Recombinant Hemagglutinin Protein from H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Exerts Good Immune Effects in Mice.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Effectively Evaluating a Novel Consensus Subunit Vaccine Candidate to Prevent the H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Oxymatrine Modulation of TLR3 Signaling: A Dual-Action Mechanism for H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Defense and Immune Regulation.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Recent H9N2 avian influenza virus lost hemagglutination activity due to a K141N substitution in hemagglutinin.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Origin, spread, and interspecies transmission of a dominant genotype of BJ/94 lineage H9N2 avian influenza viruses with increased threat.Virus evolution · 2024Article
- HA198 mutations in H9N2 avian influenza: molecular dynamics insights into receptor binding.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Ecological and Genetic Landscapes of Global H12 Avian Influenza Viruses and Biological Characteristics of an H12N5 Virus Isolated from Wild Ducks in Eastern China.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccination is a crucial prevention and control measure against H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) that threaten poultry production and public health. However, H9N2 AIVs in China undergo continuous antigenic drift of hemagglutinin (HA) under antibody pressure, leading to the emergence of immune escape variants. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis of the current widespread antigenic drift of H9N2 AIVs. Specifically, the most prevalent h9.4.2.5-lineage in China was divided into two antigenic branches based on monoclonal antibody (mAb) hemagglutination inhibition (HI) profiling analysis, and 12 antibody escape residues were identified as molecular markers of these two branches. The 12 escape residues were mapped to antigenic sites A, B, and E (H3 was used as the reference). Among these, eight residues primarily increased 3`SLN preference and contributed to antigenicity drift, and four of the eight residues at sites A and B were positively selected. Moreover, the analysis of H9N2 strains over time and space has revealed the emergence of a new antigenic branch in China since 2015, which has replaced the previous branch. However, the old antigenic branch recirculated to several regions after 2018. Collectively, this study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of antigenic drift and for developing vaccine candidates that contest with the current antigenicity of H9N2 AIVs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.