ArticleJournal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology2024
Human norovirus (HuNoV) GII RNA in wastewater solids at 145 United States wastewater treatment plants: comparison to positivity rates of clinical specimens and modeled estimates of HuNoV GII shedders.
Article in Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Wastewater surveillance of rotavirus, norovirus, and hepatitis a virus in the Middle East and North Africa Region: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of enteric virus shedding in human excretions.EBioMedicine · 2025Pooled it
- Correlation of Norovirus in Wastewater with Gastroenteritis-Related Hospitalizations, New York, USA, 2022-2024.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- A Wastewater-based Modeling Framework for Inferring Norovirus Transmission Dynamics.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Pathogen Forecast Model Version 1.0: A Process-based Five-Day Beach Advisory Forecast System for the San Diego/Tijuana Region.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- International Airport Wastewater as a Sentinel Site for Genomic Surveillance of Human Viruses and Bacteriophages.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Viral Contaminants in a Philippine Wastewater Treatment Plant: Quantification and Treatment Reduction.Food and environmental virology · 2026Article
- Wastewater concentrations of rotavirus RNA are associated with infection and vaccination metrics in the USA.Npj viruses · 2025Article
- Operationalizing SARS-CoV-2 wastewater monitoring to assess traveler health in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.IJID regions · 2025Article
- A suite of ddPCR assays targeting microbial pathogens for improved management of shellfish aquaculture.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Detection and quantification of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) total nucleic acids in wastewater settled solids from two California communities.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Long Amplicon Nanopore Sequencing for Dual-Typing RdRp and VP1 Genes of Norovirus Genogroups I and II in Wastewater.Food and environmental virology · 2024Article
- Wastewater Surveillance for Norovirus, California, USA.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Optimizing Wastewater Surveillance: The Necessity of Standardized Reporting and Proficiency for Public Health.American journal of public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Viruses in Wastewater-A Concern for Public Health and the Environment.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Bacillaceae serine proteases and Streptomyces epsilon-poly-L-lysine synergistically inactivate Caliciviridae by inhibiting RNA genome release.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Wastewater-based epidemiology to assess environmentally influenced disease.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2024Article
- Article
- A broad wastewater screening and clinical data surveillance for virus-related diseases in the metropolitan Detroit area in Michigan.Human genomics · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHuman norovirus (HuNoV) is a leading cause of disease globally, yet actual incidence is unknown. HuNoV infections are not reportable in the United States, and surveillance is limited to tracking severe illnesses or outbreaks. Wastewater monitoring for HuNoV has been done previously and results indicate it is present in wastewater influent and concentrations are associated with HuNoV infections in the communities contributing to wastewater. However, work has mostly been limited to monthly samples of liquid wastewater at one or a few wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).
objectiveThe objectives of this study are to investigate whether HuNoV GII preferentially adsorbs to wastewater solids, investigate concentrations of HuNoV GII in wastewater solids in wastewater treatment plants across the county, and explore how those relate to clinical measures of disease occurrence. In addition, we aim to develop and apply a mass-balance model that predicts the fraction of individuals shedding HuNoV in their stool based on measured concentrations in wastewater solids.
methodsWe measured HuNoV GII RNA in matched wastewater solids and liquid influent in 7 samples from a WWTP. We also applied the HuNoV GII assay to measure viral RNA in over 6000 wastewater solids samples from 145 WWTPs from across the United States daily to three times per week for up to five months. Measurements were made using digital droplet RT-PCR.
resultsHuNoV GII RNA preferentially adsorbs to wastewater solids where it is present at 1000 times the concentration in influent. Concentrations of HuNoV GII RNA correlate positively with clinical HuNoV positivity rates. Model output of the fraction of individuals shedding HuNoV is variable and uncertain, but consistent with indirect estimates of symptomatic HuNoV infections in the United States. IMPACT STATEMENT: Illness caused by HuNoV is not reportable in the United States so there is limited data on disease occurrence. Wastewater monitoring can provide information about the community spread of HuNoV. Data from wastewater can be available within 24 h of sample receipt at a laboratory. Wastewater is agnostic to whether individuals seek medical care, are symptomatic, and the severity of illness. Knowledge gleaned from wastewater may be used by public health professionals to make recommendations on hand washing, surface disinfection, or other behaviors to reduce transmission of HuNoV, or medical doctors to inform clinical decision making.
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