Observational studyJournal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics2024
Energy-Adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index and Diabetes Risk in Postmenopausal Hispanic Women.
Observational study in Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Similar changes in diet quality indices, but not nutrients, among African American participants randomized to follow one of the three dietary patterns of the US Dietary Guidelines: A secondary analysis.Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Trial
- Association Between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Head and Neck Cancer Incidence-A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Article
- Dietary inflammatory index mediates the association between planetary health diet index and periodontitis.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- The association between Dietary Index for Gut Microbiota and sarcopenia: the mediating role of Dietary Inflammatory Index.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Dietary inflammatory index and type 2 diabetes in US women: a cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2018.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundType 2 diabetes is a major public health concern in the United States and worldwide. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) and the energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) are tools that assess dietary inflammation. Previous evidence suggests that obesity can modify the association between inflammation and disease.
objectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the DII/E-DII and incident diabetes in self-identified Hispanic women from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). The secondary aim was to evaluate whether obesity modifies the association between the DII/E-DII scores and incident diabetes.
designParticipants were from the WHI Observational Study and the Clinical Trial Components (except women from the treatment arm in the Dietary Modification Trial) conducted among postmenopausal women in the United States. DII/E-DII scores were calculated from a self-administered food frequency questionnaire at baseline that included 122 food items, of which 12 are representative of Hispanic eating patterns. PARTICIPANTS/SETTINGS: Participants included 3,849 postmenopausal women who self-identified as Hispanic that were recruited for the WHI from 1993 to 1998 at 40 US clinical centers.
main outcome measuresThe outcome was incident diabetes. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED: Cox regression models were used to assess the association between DII/E-DII and incident diabetes. Models were adjusted for age at baseline, lifestyle-related risk factors, known type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk factors, and neighborhood socioeconomic status. Interaction was tested between the DII/E-DII scores and obesity.
resultsThe incidence of diabetes was 13.1% after a median follow-up of 13 years. Higher E-DII scores were associated with a higher risk of incident diabetes (hazard ratio [HR], 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.14). There was no interaction between E-DII scores and obesity (P = 0.73).
conclusionsPro-inflammatory diets, as measured by higher E-DII scores, were associated with a higher risk of incident diabetes. Future research is needed for understanding how the inflammatory potential of diets can be decreased.
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