ArticleThe International journal on drug policy2023
Typology of laws restricting access to methadone treatment in the United States: A latent class analysis.
Article in The International journal on drug policy, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Barriers and facilitators to scaling up medications for opioid use disorder in Kentucky: qualitative perspectives of treatment organization staff.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2025Trial
- How do services offered within opioid treatment programs vary based on state methadone policies?Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2026Article
- Mobile but still tied down: Challenges to scaling mobile methadone through a regulatory thicket.The International journal on drug policy · 2026Article
- Medicaid payment policies for methadone maintenance treatment for opioid use disorder, 2020-2025.Health affairs scholar · 2026Article
- Exploring Perspectives About Public Health Vending Machine Implementation on an American Indian Reservation in the Northern Midwest, United States.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- De-implementation of inequitable methadone policy and treatment: lessons learned from COVID-19 to support a more just methadone treatment system in the United States.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Restrictive State Opioid Treatment Program Regulations Constrain Local Access To Methadone Maintenance Treatment.Health affairs (Project Hope) · 2025Article
- Methadone-involved overdose deaths in urban and rural communities before and after the public health emergency flexibilities for methadone take-home doses.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Article
- Drug treatment and support service utilization amidst the COVID-19 pandemic among people who inject drugs in Baltimore, Maryland: An interrupted time-series analysis, 2015-2022.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Medicare Beneficiary Receipt of Methadone by Drive Time to Opioid Treatment Programs.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Overcoming barriers to traditional care delivery and pharmacy challenges: a qualitative study of buprenorphine, telehealth, and a digital therapeutic for opioid use disorder.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2025Article
- "Yeah, this is not going to work for me"-The impact of federal policy restrictions on methadone continuation upon release from jail or prison.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2025Article
- Medicaid expansion and medications to treat opioid use disorder in outpatient specialty care from 2010 to 2020.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2025Article
- Interventions to improve access to opioid agonist therapy in acute hospitals: A scoping review.PLOS mental health · 2025Article
- Scaling up medications for opioid use disorder in Kentucky: Qualitative perspectives of treatment organizations.Research square · 2024Article
- Social Vulnerability and Prevalence and Treatment for Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders.JAMA psychiatry · 2024Article
- Sex disparities in outcome of medication-assisted therapy of opioid use disorder: Nationally representative study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Provision of medications to treat opioid use disorder via a mobile health unit: A scoping review.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2024Article
- Federal opioid agonist therapy policy: interrupted time series analysis of the impact of the methadone exemption removal across eight provinces in Canada.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Evaluating remyelination compounds for new applications in opioid use disorder management.Journal of addictive diseasesArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn the United States, methadone treatment for opioid use disorder is only available at opioid treatment programs (OTPs). In addition to federal regulations, states can enact laws which shape access to OTPs. We aimed to define classes of states according to restrictiveness of state OTP laws and examine population characteristics associated with class membership.
methodsA set of laws was extracted from a database of statutes and regulations governing OTPs in 49 states and the District of Columbia as of June 2021. Latent class analysis of laws was used to estimate the probability of class membership for each state. Class-weighted multinomial logistic regression analysis assessed state-level correlates of class membership and adjusted Relative Risk Ratio (aRRR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were generated.
resultsStates (n = 50) were assigned to three classes; Class 1) High restrictiveness on patient experience, low restrictiveness on access to service (n = 13); Class 2) Medium restrictiveness on patient experience, high restrictiveness on access to service (n = 14); Class 3) Low restrictiveness on patient experience, low restrictiveness on access to service (n = 23). States with a higher probability of membership in Classes with higher restrictiveness had higher rates of unemployment (Class 1 vs Class 3, aRRR:1.24; 95%CI:1.06-1.45), and Black residents (Class 2 vs Class 3, aRRR:1.10; 95%CI:1.04-1.15), and lower likelihood of Medicaid coverage of methadone (Class 1 vs Class 3, aRRR:0.25; 95%CI:0.07-0.88). States with a higher probability of membership in Classes with higher restrictiveness also had higher rates of potential indicators for opioid use disorder treatment need, including rates of opioid dispensing (Class 1 vs Class 3, aRRR:1.06; 95%CI:1.02-1.10, Class 2 vs Class 3, aRRR:1.07; 95%CI:1.03-1.11) and HIV diagnoses attributed to injection (Class 1 vs Class 3, aRRR:3.92; 95%CI:1.25-12.22).
conclusionsStates with indicators of greater potential need for opioid use disorder treatment have the most restrictions, raising concerns about unmet treatment need.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.