ArticlePsychological medicine2023
The risk of psychosis for transgender individuals: a Dutch national cohort study.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Examining glycation as a mediator linking bullying to psychotic experience and depressive symptom in adolescents.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Self-Reported Psychosis Spectrum Symptoms Among Sexual and Gender Diverse Emerging Adults Screened for a Suicide Prevention Trial.Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Article
- Menstrual management in transgender and gender diverse individuals: psychiatric and psychosocial considerations.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe stressful minority position of transgender persons may result in a high risk of psychosis. Conflicting data suggest that the observed risk depends on setting of recruitment. We assessed the relative risk of non-affective psychotic disorder (NAPD) in a large, representative cohort of transgender persons.
methodsThis cohort was composed using: data on legal sex change from the Dutch population registry and data on dispensing of cross-sex hormones (route 1), and a registry of insurance claims from mental health care including persons with a diagnosis of gender identity disorder (DSM-IV) or gender dysphoria (DSM-5) (route 2). They were matched by sex at birth, calendar year and country of birth to controls from the general population. Transgender persons (
resultsThe incidence rate ratio (IRR) of NAPD for transgender persons selected exclusively through route 1 (
conclusionsThis study supports the social defeat-hypothesis of NAPD. The results also show the presence of a substantial number of transgender persons with severe psychiatric problems who have not (yet) taken steps to gender-affirmative care.
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