ArticleInternational journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics2023
Contemporary evaluation of women and girls with abnormal uterine bleeding: FIGO Systems 1 and 2.
Article in International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unlocking Implantation: The Role of Nitric Oxide, NOInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Impact of definitive uterine artery occlusion on ovarian reserve markers in laparoscopic myomectomy: a randomized controlled trial with 2-year follow-up.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2025Trial
- CCR5 blockade inhibits menstrual-driven proinflammatory T cell infiltration into the cervicovaginal mucosa of women.Science advances · 2026Article
- Adenomyosis and Uterine Fibroids: Two Distinct Yet Overlapping Clinical Entities.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
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- Intravaginal progesterone as a fertility-sparing treatment for symptomatic adenomyosis: preliminary results from a monocentric study.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2026Observational
- Menstrual experiences of adolescent girls in schools: recommendations for menstrual health education in England.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Management of obstetric and gynecologic hemorrhage: a narrative review of current guidelines and evidence.Journal of medicine and life · 2026Review
- ISUOG Consensus Statement on sonographic assessment of the endometrium: how to perform a gynecological ultrasound scan and report the findings.Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · 2026Article
- Evaluation of coagulation disorders and iron deficiency in women with heavy menstrual bleeding.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- The impact of nutritional intervention on the prognosis of PCOS patients with different BMIs.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- The effect of heavy menstrual bleeding on sexual quality of life: a case-control study.Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da U S P · 2026Article
- Diagnosis and classification of uterine fibroids.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2025Review
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- Profiling the pathological findings of diagnostic curettage for abnormal uterine bleeding a retrospective cross-sectional study among reproductive-aged women.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Article
- Luteal phase oral dexamethasone administration alters endometrial steroid milieu.Endocrine connections · 2025Article
- Exploring thermal balloon endometrial ablation with Foley's catheter: Management for heavy menstrual bleeding.SAGE open medicine · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is common, often debilitating, and may affect over 50% of reproductive-aged women and girls. Whereas AUB is a collection of symptoms that include intermenstrual bleeding and abnormalities in period duration, cycle length, and regularity, it is heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) that is most contributory to iron deficiency and related anemia. It is apparent that AUB, in general, and HMB, in particular, remain underrecognized and underreported. FIGO created two systems for assessing and classifying AUB. FIGO System 1 defines the bleeding pattern using four primary descriptors: frequency, duration, regularity, and flow volume. FIGO System 2 provides a structured classification system of possible causes of AUB, using the acronym PALM-COEIN. "PALM" refers to structural causes of AUB (Polyp, Adenomyosis, Leiomyoma, Malignancy), and "COEI" refers to nonstructural causes (Coagulopathy, Ovulatory dysfunction, Endometrial, and Iatrogenic). The "N" is reserved for those entities that are currently not otherwise classified. Using FIGO System 1 as a gateway to FIGO System 2 streamlines the investigation of reproductive-aged women and girls with AUB. Understanding the pathogenesis of the FIGO System 2 "PALM-COEIN" causes helps interpret investigations and the onward management of AUB. Numerous evidence gaps exist concerning AUB; however, if researchers and trialists universally adopt FIGO Systems 1 and 2 for the assessment and diagnosis of AUB, clear translatable research findings can be applied globally.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.