ReviewDiagnostic and prognostic research2023
Basal procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and presepsin for prediction of mortality in critically ill septic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Review in Diagnostic and prognostic research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- IL-6 Baseline Values and Dynamic Changes in Predicting Sepsis Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Biomolecules · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- Prognostic Value of 72-h Reassessment Using SOFA Score, C-Reactive Protein, and Lactate in a 72-h Landmark Cohort of Intensive Care Patients with Gram-Negative Sepsis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Clinical, Laboratory, Infectious, and Intervention Factors Associated with ICU Mortality: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Immunomodulatory Empty/Hollow Nanoparticles as Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Septic Shock.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Prognostic Value of 48-Hour Biomarker Reassessment Beyond Admission SOFA for 28-Day Mortality in Sepsis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Presepsin as a Prognostic Biomarker for Short-Term Mortality in Adult Patients With Sepsis: A Systematic Review.Cureus · 2026Review
- Critical Hypercytokinemia in Sepsis and Septic Shock: Identifying Interleukin-6 Thresholds Beyond Which Mortality Risk Exceeded Survival Probability.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Predictors of mortality in a Chinese medical ICU: a focus on ICU-acquired bloodstream infections.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Serial C-Reactive Protein Measurements for Prognostication and Antimicrobial Decision-Making in ICU Sepsis Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study.International journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- Retrospective Analysis of Inflammatory Biomarker Patterns and Platelet Dynamics in Hospitalized Adults.International journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- Genomic and integrative based progression biomarker discovery in adult sepsis: toward clinical stratification and precision medicine.Annals of intensive care · 2026Review
- Role of cytokine levels in pathogen classification and prognosis of pediatric septic shock.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Sepsis biomarkers: recent advances and future perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- High-mobility group box 1 protein, histone H3 and histone H4 are not associated with peripheral hypoperfusion in sepsis: a retrospective cohort study.Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Differences in the Phenotype of Bacterial and Viral Sepsis-A Prospective, Multicenter, Observational Study.Viruses · 2025Observational
- Higher soluble CD8 correlates with poor prognosis in hospitalized pulmonary infection patients.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Single-Cell transcriptomic profiles of peripheral blood immune cells reveal early monocyte and platelet activation in the transition from high-risk states to clinical sepsis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Prognostic Utility of Pathophysiologically Distinct Biomarkers for Renal Outcomes in Sepsis: A Prospective ICU Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 12 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNumerous biomarkers have been proposed for diagnosis, therapeutic, and prognosis in sepsis. Previous evaluations of the value of biomarkers for predicting mortality due to this life-threatening condition fail to address the complexity of this condition and the risk of bias associated with prognostic studies. We evaluate the predictive performance of four of these biomarkers in the prognosis of mortality through a methodologically sound evaluation.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine, in critically ill adults with sepsis, whether procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and presepsin (sCD14) are independent prognostic factors for mortality. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to March 2023. Only Phase-2 confirmatory prognostic factor studies among critically ill septic adults were included. Random effects meta-analyses pooled the prognostic association estimates.
resultsWe included 60 studies (15,681 patients) with 99 biomarker assessments. Quality of the statistical analysis and reporting domains using the QUIPS tool showed high risk of bias in > 60% assessments. The biomarker measurement as a continuous variable in models adjusted by key covariates (age and severity score) for predicting mortality at 28-30 days showed a null or near to null association for basal PCT (pooled OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.99-1.003), CRP (OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.87 to 1.17), and IL-6 (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.01-1.03) and sCD14 (pooled HR = 1.003, 95% CI = 1.000 to 1.006). Additional meta-analyses accounting for other prognostic covariates had similarly null findings.
conclusionBaseline, isolated measurement of PCT, CRP, IL-6, and sCD14 has not been shown to help predict mortality in critically ill patients with sepsis. The role of these biomarkers should be evaluated in new studies where the patient selection would be standardized and the measurement of biomarker results.
trial registrationPROSPERO (CRD42019128790).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.