ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2023
State-level homelessness and drug overdose mortality: Evidence from US panel data.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Perceptions surrounding intranasal naloxone use and access among a population experiencing homelessness.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2026Article
- Access to non-police crisis response for people who use drugs: lessons from community safety response programs in two U.S. cities.BMC public health · 2026Article
- The Contribution of Homelessness to Opioid Overdose Mortality and Associated Racial Disparities.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Homelessness, justice involvement, and publicly funded substance use treatment after Medicaid expansion.Health affairs scholar · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Illicit Drug Detection in 5 US Cities Among Out-of-Treatment People Who Inject Drugs.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Spatial-Structural Mechanisms of Racialized Disparities in Overdose Mortality: A Spatiotemporal Analysis.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- How population-level drug supply data are integrated into health outcomes research: a scoping review.Epidemiologic reviews · 2026Article
- Built to exclude: the law is a super-determinant of racial disparities in addiction treatment.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Access to medications for opioid use disorder among primary care patients with homeless experience in the Department of Veterans Affairs.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Development of a Low-Barrier, Reimbursable Take-Home Naloxone Program at a Regional Health System.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- The Housing Instability Scale: Determining a Cutoff Score and Its Utility for Contextualizing Health Outcomes in People Who Use Drugs.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- How competing needs after incarceration lead to adverse health outcomes among people who use criminalized drugs.BMC global and public health · 2025Review
- Racial/ethnic inequality in homelessness and drug overdose deaths in US States.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Article
- Article
- The Cost of Living Index as a Primary Driver of Homelessness in the United States: A Cross-State Analysis.Cureus · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough homelessness is a well-documented risk factor for drug overdose at the individual level, less is known about state-level homelessness and overdose mortality in the United States (US).
methodsThis study used 2007-2020 panel data for all US states and the District of Columbia, from the following sources: US Department of Housing and Urban Development (homelessness data); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (drug overdose death counts, population estimates, and opioid prescribing rates); Bureau of Labor Statistics (unemployment rates); and the National Forensic Laboratory Information System (drug seizure data). Two-way (state and year) fixed effects models regressed log-transformed drug overdose mortality rates on homelessness prevalence, in nested models adding demographic composition and unemployment measures, as well as drug supply measures. Models were weighted by state population size, and standard errors (SEs) were clustered at the state level.
resultsHomelessness prevalence was significantly and positively associated with rates of drug overdose mortality after adjusting for nationwide trends, time-invariant differences between states, demographic composition, and unemployment rates (b[SE]=0.98[0.36], p=0.009). The positive association between homelessness prevalence and overdose mortality was attenuated at higher levels of fentanyl availability (fentanyl involvement in drug seizures; interaction term b[SE]=-0.02[0.01], p=0.001).
conclusionThe positive association between state-level homelessness and drug overdose mortality suggests that policies and programs to prevent and reduce homelessness represent fundamental elements of a comprehensive response to the US overdose crisis.
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