ArticleEClinicalMedicine2023
Population immunity of natural infection, primary-series vaccination, and booster vaccination in Qatar during the COVID-19 pandemic: an observational study.
Article in EClinicalMedicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Severity of COVID-19 Omicron Variants: A Global Systematic Review.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Pooled it
- COVID-19 Is Airborne AIDS: Provocative Oversimplification, Emerging Science, or Something in Between?AJPM focus · 2026Review
- Risk of stroke following SARS-CoV-2 infection in a nationwide self-controlled case series study in qatar.Scientific reports · 2026Observational
- Observational
- Intensity of public health and social measures are associated with effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in test-negative study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Long-term immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/5 mRNA booster in people living with HIV.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Evaluating Hospital Admission Data as Indicators of COVID-19 Severity: A National Assessment in Qatar.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Personalized prediction of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced immunity after boost: a longitudinal analysis using joint modeling.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- All-cause mortality according to COVID-19 vaccination status: An analysis of the UK office for National statistics public data.F1000Research · 2024Article
- Turning point in COVID-19 severity and fatality during the pandemic: a national cohort study in Qatar.BMJ public health · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection and effects of age, sex, comorbidity, and vaccination among older individuals: A national cohort study.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2023Article
- History of primary-series and booster vaccination and protection against Omicron reinfection.Science advances · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
24 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Waning of natural infection protection and vaccine protection highlight the need to evaluate changes in population immunity over time. Population immunity of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection or of COVID-19 vaccination are defined, respectively, as the overall protection against reinfection or against breakthrough infection at a given point in time in a given population. Methods: We estimated these population immunities in Qatar's population between July 1, 2020 and November 30, 2022, to discern generic features of the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2. Effectiveness of previous infection, mRNA primary-series vaccination, and mRNA booster (third-dose) vaccination in preventing infection were estimated, month by month, using matched, test-negative, case-control studies. Findings: Previous-infection effectiveness against reinfection was strong before emergence of Omicron, but declined with time after a wave and rebounded after a new wave. Effectiveness dropped after Omicron emergence from 88.3% (95% CI: 84.8-91.0%) in November 2021 to 51.0% (95% CI: 48.3-53.6%) in December 2021. Primary-series effectiveness against infection was 84.0% (95% CI: 83.0-85.0%) in April 2021, soon after introduction of vaccination, before waning gradually to 52.7% (95% CI: 46.5-58.2%) by November 2021. Effectiveness declined linearly by ∼1 percentage point every 5 days. After Omicron emergence, effectiveness dropped from 52.7% (95% CI: 46.5-58.2%) in November 2021 to negligible levels in December 2021. Booster effectiveness dropped after Omicron emergence from 83.0% (95% CI: 65.6-91.6%) in November 2021 to 32.9% (95% CI: 26.7-38.5%) in December 2021, and continued to decline thereafter. Effectiveness of previous infection and vaccination against severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19 were generally >80% throughout the study duration. Interpretation: High population immunity against infection may not be sustained beyond a year, but population immunity against severe COVID-19 is durable with slow waning even after Omicron emergence. Funding: The Biomedical Research Program and the Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and the Biomathematics Research Core, both at Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Ministry of Public Health, Hamad Medical Corporation, Sidra Medicine, Qatar Genome Programme, Qatar University Biomedical Research Center, and Qatar University Internal Grant ID QUCG-CAS-23/24-114.
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