ArticleSleep2023
The effects of closed-loop auditory stimulation on sleep oscillatory dynamics in relation to motor procedural memory consolidation.
Article in Sleep, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Auditory-evoked changes in slow oscillations and spindles correlate with memory consolidation in children with epilepsy and controls.Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Modulating sleep: slow oscillation and spindle stimulation effects on physiology and memory.NPJ science of learning · 2026Article
- The Future of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in Sleep Medicine.Journal of sleep research · 2025Review
- Overnight changes in performance fatigability and their relationship to modulated deep sleep oscillations via auditory stimulation.Journal of sleep research · 2025Article
- Unraveling the neurophysiological correlates of phase-specific enhancement of motor memory consolidation via slow-wave closed-loop targeted memory reactivation.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Acoustic stimulation and other emerging approaches to enhance sleep: design notes for the next generation of closed-loop neurostimulation technology.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Review
- Neural reactivation during human sleep.Emerging topics in life sciences · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
STUDY
objectivesHealthy aging and many disorders show reduced sleep-dependent memory consolidation and corresponding alterations in non-rapid eye movement sleep oscillations. Yet sleep physiology remains a relatively neglected target for improving memory. We evaluated the effects of closed-loop auditory stimulation during sleep (CLASS) on slow oscillations (SOs), sleep spindles, and their coupling, all in relation to motor procedural memory consolidation.
methodsTwenty healthy young adults had two afternoon naps: one with auditory stimulation during SO upstates and another with no stimulation. Twelve returned for a third nap with stimulation at variable times in relation to SO upstates. In all sessions, participants trained on the motor sequence task prior to napping and were tested afterward.
resultsRelative to epochs with no stimulation, upstate stimuli disrupted sleep and evoked SOs, spindles, and SO-coupled spindles. Stimuli that successfully evoked oscillations were delivered closer to the peak of the SO upstate and when spindle power was lower than stimuli that failed to evoke oscillations. Across conditions, participants showed similar significant post-nap performance improvement that correlated with the density of SO-coupled spindles.
conclusionsDespite its strong effects on sleep physiology, CLASS failed to enhance motor procedural memory. Our findings suggest methods to overcome this failure, including better sound calibration to preserve sleep continuity and the use of real-time predictive algorithms to more precisely target SO upstates and to avoid disrupting endogenous SO-coupled spindles and their mnemonic function. They motivate continued development of CLASS as an intervention to manipulate sleep oscillatory dynamics and improve memory.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.