ArticleScience advances2023
Autonomous hydrogel locomotion regulated by light and electric fields.
Article in Science advances, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trainable Hydrogels: Mechanistic Principles, Training Strategies, and Frontier Applications.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Review
- Twirlbot: Tumbleweed-inspired rolling robot.Science advances · 2026Article
- In Situ Stimuli Transfer in Multi-Environment Shape-Morphing Hydrogels Based on the Copolymer Between Spiropyran and Acrylic Acid.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Multiorifice acoustic microrobot for boundary-free multimodal 3D swimming.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Self-regulated reversal deformation and locomotion of structurally homogenous hydrogels subjected to constant light illumination.Nature communications · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autonomous robotic functions in materials beyond simple stimulus-response actuation require the development of functional soft matter that can complete well-organized tasks without step-by-step control. We report the design of photo- and electroactivated hydrogels that can capture and deliver cargo, avoid obstacles, and return without external, stepwise control. By incorporating two spiropyran monomers with different chemical substituents in the hydrogel, we created chemically random networks that enabled photoregulated charge reversal and autonomous behaviors under a constant electric field. In addition, using perturbations in the electric field induced by a dielectric inhomogeneity, the hydrogel could be attracted to high dielectric constant materials and autonomously bypasses the low dielectric constant materials under the guidance of the electric field vector. The photo- and electroactive hydrogels investigated here can autonomously perform tasks using constant external stimuli, an encouraging observation for the potential development of molecularly designed intelligent robotic materials.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.