ArticleClinical science (London, England : 1979)2023
M1/M2 macrophages and their overlaps - myth or reality?
Article in Clinical science (London, England : 1979), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 376 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
376 citing papers in PubMed, 466 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Exosomal delivery of METTL3 promotes M1 macrophage polarization by inducing miR-155-5p maturation via m6A modification.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Commensal microbiota-coated biohybrid implants induce antibiofilm, osteogenic, and immunomodulatory responses in a human 3D immunocompetent model.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- The role of the adipose-derived Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF) secretome as an immunomodulator in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases through NF-κB and macrophage reprogramming.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Phenotypic switching of gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells and the regulatory role of macrophages: a literature review.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Review
- Sex Steroid Hormone Regulation of T-Cell Function and Antitumor Immunity.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Review
- Macrophage-driven pathological ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities.Bone research · 2026Review
- Review
- Review
- Green Pomegranate Waste Extract Modulates Macrophage Immunometabolism by Suppressing the ACLY-ME1 Axis and Promotes Pro-Resolving Macrophage Functions.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Common Ragweed Allergy Under Global Change Linking Invasion-Driven Aeroallergen Exposure with Molecular Sensitization and Allergic Airway Disease.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Fibrin-rich environment drives catheter-associated UTIs by suppressing macrophage defenses.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Immunotherapy for Glioma: A compartmental framework for resistance and rational combination design.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Review
- Review
- The M1/M2 Test System for Determining Macrophage Phenotypes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Bcl-2-Dependent Persistence of Mononuclear Phagocytes Promotes Ocular Fibrosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Review
- The language of the immune system: Part 1: Cytokine conversations and conversationalists.ImmunoHorizons · 2026Review
- Agent-based modeling identifies multiple paths for inflammation resolution.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Embryonic and postnatal macrophages are necessary for proper tooth development and homeostasis.Nature communications · 2026Article
316 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Macrophages represent heterogeneous cell population with important roles in defence mechanisms and in homoeostasis. Tissue macrophages from diverse anatomical locations adopt distinct activation states. M1 and M2 macrophages are two polarized forms of mononuclear phagocyte in vitro differentiation with distinct phenotypic patterns and functional properties, but in vivo, there is a wide range of different macrophage phenotypes in between depending on the microenvironment and natural signals they receive. In human infections, pathogens use different strategies to combat macrophages and these strategies include shaping the macrophage polarization towards one or another phenotype. Macrophages infiltrating the tumours can affect the patient's prognosis. M2 macrophages have been shown to promote tumour growth, while M1 macrophages provide both tumour-promoting and anti-tumour properties. In autoimmune diseases, both prolonged M1 activation, as well as altered M2 function can contribute to their onset and activity. In human atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages expressing both M1 and M2 profiles have been detected as one of the potential factors affecting occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. In allergic inflammation, T2 cytokines drive macrophage polarization towards M2 profiles, which promote airway inflammation and remodelling. M1 macrophages in transplantations seem to contribute to acute rejection, while M2 macrophages promote the fibrosis of the graft. The view of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages suppressing inflammation seems to be an oversimplification because these cells exploit very high level of plasticity and represent a large scale of different immunophenotypes with overlapping properties. In this respect, it would be more precise to describe macrophages as M1-like and M2-like.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.