ArticleNutrition research and practice2023
IPA and its precursors differently modulate the proliferation, differentiation, and integrity of intestinal epithelial cells.
Article in Nutrition research and practice, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Gut Microbiota Signatures in Colorectal Cancer as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker in the Future: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Limosilactobacillus reuteri orchestrates IAA-mediated mitochondrial homeostasis and stem cell renewal against intestinal oxidative injury in aged hens.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Microbial crosstalk along the oral-gut axis: organ-specific oncogenic adaptations of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum.Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Review
- Prenatal supplementation with the gut-derived tryptophan metabolite indole-3-propionic acid alleviates colitis susceptibility in maternal immune-activated offspring mice.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Active Factors in the Adult Pig Colon: Microbial Transplantation Versus Supplementation with Metabolites in Weaned Piglets.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- This is not your off-the-shelf IPA.American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2025Article
- Indole Propionic Acid Regulates Gut Immunity: Mechanisms of Metabolite-Driven Immunomodulation and Barrier Integrity.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Exploring the biological impact of bacteria-derived indole compounds on human cell health: Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation across six cell lines.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- Microbial metabolite 3-indolepropionic acid alleviated PD pathologies by decreasing enteric glia cell gliosisActa pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Article
- Tryptophan Indole Derivatives: Key Players in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2025Review
- Indole‑3‑propionic acid alleviates intestinal epithelial cell injury via regulation of the TLR4/NF‑κB pathway to improve intestinal barrier function.Molecular medicine reports · 2024Article
- The Tryptophan Metabolite Indole-3-Propionic Acid Raises Kynurenic Acid Levels in the Rat Brain In Vivo.International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesIndole-3-propionic acid (IPA) is a tryptophan-derived microbial metabolite that has been associated with protective effects against inflammatory and metabolic diseases. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the effects of IPA under physiological conditions and at the intestinal level. MATERIALS/
methodsHuman intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells were treated for 2, 24, and/or 72 h with IPA or its precursors - indole, tryptophan, and propionate - at 1, 10, 100, 250, or 500 μM to assess cell viability, integrity, differentiation, and proliferation.
resultsIPA induced cell proliferation and this effect was associated with a higher expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) and a lower expression of c-Jun. Although indole and propionate also induced cell proliferation, this involved ERK2 and c-Jun independent mechanisms. On the other hand, both tryptophan and propionate increased cell integrity and reduced the expression of claudin-1, whereas propionate decreased cell differentiation.
conclusionsIn conclusion, these findings suggested that IPA and its precursors distinctly contribute to the proliferation, differentiation, and barrier function properties of human intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, the pro-proliferative effect of IPA in intestinal epithelial cells was not explained by its precursors and is rather related to its whole chemical structure. Maintaining IPA at physiological levels,
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