SynthesisClinical oral investigations2023
The impact of electronic and conventional cigarettes on periodontal health-a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Clinical oral investigations, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Vaping on Treatment Outcomes in Patients With Gingivitis, Periodontitis, and/or Peri-Implant Disease: A Systematic Review.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2026Pooled it
- Health impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems: an umbrella review of systematic reviews.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- An Umbrella Review of E-Cigarettes' Impact on Oral Microbiota and Biofilm Buildup.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- The impact of e-cigarette use on periodontal health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Evidence-based dentistry · 2025Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- The impact of electronic cigarette use on periodontitis and periodontal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2024Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Oral Health Effects Among Adults Switching from Cigarettes to on!® Nicotine Pouches Compared to Those Who Continue Smoking.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2025Trial
- Inflammatory Biomarker Profiles in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Electronic Cigarette Users: A Cross-Sectional Study.Dentistry journal · 2026Article
- Influence of heat-non-burn tobacco aerosol on the microbiome of biofilm from human whole saliva bacteria in vitro.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
- To Vape or Not to Vape: Oral Health in the Age of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and Electronic Non-Nicotine Delivery Systems.International dental journal · 2026Review
- Association Between E-Cigarette Use (Vaping) and Oral Health in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Smoking Cigarettes and Tooth Loss in Adults: A Population-Based Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Living alone and oral health disparities in Chinese older adults: a national cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Subclinical Oxidative and Matrix-Regulatory Alterations Associated with Cigarette Smoking and E-Cigarette Use in Periodontally Healthy Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Adolescent and young adult periodontitis: modifiable inflammatory pathways and risk stratification.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Clinical Investigation of Periodontal Health in Smoker and Nonsmoker Individuals.International journal of dentistry · 2026Article
- Electronic cigarette use and periodontal tissue damage: a scoping review and an evidence-informed conceptual framework.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2026Review
- Selected Population-based Oral Health Assessment Following Usage of E-Cigarettes and Combustible Cigarettes.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2025Article
- The Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Oral Microbiome and Metabolome in 3D Tissue-Engineered Models.International dental journal · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThis systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of electronic cigarettes on periodontal health compared to conventional cigarette smoke and a non-smoking population. MATERIALS AND
methodsMEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov were screened for literature. Eligibility criteria included clinical studies published between 2006 and 2022 that compare e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes on periodontal health (bleeding on probing (BoP), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL), marginal bone loss (MBL), tooth loss, molecular inflammation markers, salivary flow rate). Meta-regression analysis was used to examine the influence of moderator variables.
resultsSixteen studies were found to be eligible for qualitative synthesis. Individual analyses showed that cigarette smokers had significantly higher PI, PD, AL, and MBL and increased concentrations of proinflammatory mediators than e-cigarette users and non-smokers. Meta-analysis revealed a 0.33-fold lower chance for BoP in e-cigarette users compared to smokers (p = 0.03), whereby meta-regression failed to detect any effects regarding the age of users and frequency of smoking. A 0.01-fold decreased chance for positive BoP in e-cigarette users compared with non-smokers was seen (p < 0.01).
conclusionsThe current findings suggest that that e-cigarette use might be considered a healthier alternative to cigarette smoking concerning periodontal health. Even so, harmful effects of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) usage on periodontal health were seen as well. However, a definitive decision on this research question remains elusive due to the absence of randomized controlled trials. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Electronic cigarettes, marketed as a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes, are becoming increasingly popular. Evidence on the use of electronic cigarettes as a cessation aid and its beneficial impact compared to cigarette smoke remains inconclusive, so the analysis conducted in this review addresses a recent question of high clinical relevance.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.