Evidence map›Paper›PMID 37525024›Full record

ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2024

Racial Arrest Disparities in the USA by Rural-Urban Location and Region.

Patricia I Jewett, Ronald E Gangnon, Anna K Hing, Carrie Henning-Smith, Tongtan Chantarat, Eunice M Areba, Iris W Borowsky

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Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

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0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Patricia I JewettDivision of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. jewet050@umn.edu.ORCID 0000-0001-5313-0106
Ronald E GangnonDepartment of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
Anna K HingCenter for Antiracism Research for Health Equity, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Carrie Henning-SmithDivision of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Tongtan ChantaratCenter for Antiracism Research for Health Equity, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Eunice M ArebaSchool of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Iris W BorowskyDivision of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundUrban racial arrest disparities are well known. Emerging evidence suggests that rural policing shares similar patterns as urban policing in the USA, but without receiving the same public scrutiny, raising the risk of biased rural policing going unnoticed.

methodsWe estimated adult and adolescent arrest rates and rate ratios (RR) by race, rural-urban status, and US region based on 2016 Uniform Crime Reporting Program arrest and US Census population counts using general estimating equation Poisson regression models with a 4-way interaction between race, region, age group, and urbanicity.

resultsWith few exceptions, arrest rates were highest in small towns and rural areas, especially among Black and American Indian populations. Arrest rates differed between US regions with highest rates and racial disparities in the Midwest. For example, arrest rates among Black adults in the rural Midwest were 148.6 arrests [per 1000 population], 95% CI 131.4-168.0, versus 94.4 arrests, 95% CI 77.2-115.4 in the urban Midwest; and versus corresponding rural Midwest arrests among white adults, 32.7 arrests, 95% CI 30.8-34.8, Black versus white rural RR 4.54, 95% CI 4.09-5.04. Racial arrest disparities in the South were lower but still high, e.g., rural South, Black versus White adults, RR 1.86, 95% CI 1.71-2.03.

conclusionsRural areas and small towns are potential hotspots of racial arrest disparities across the USA, especially in the Midwest. Approaches to overcoming structural racism in policing must include strategies targeted at rural/small town communities. Our findings underscore the importance of dismantling racist policing in all US communities.

Indexed as

Rural PopulationUrban PopulationAdolescentAdultBlack or African AmericanCrimeFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedRacial GroupsUnited StatesWhiteYoung AdultArrest ratesRacial arrest disparitiesRacist policingRegional arrest patternsRural and urban policingSocial determinants of health

Identifiers

PMID37525024

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.