ArticleJournal of epidemiology and community health2023
Ethnic inequalities in positive SARS-CoV-2 tests, infection prognosis, COVID-19 hospitalisations and deaths: analysis of 2 years of a record linked national cohort study in Scotland.
Article in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic ancestry and monogenic disease risk in the Scottish Traveller founder population.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The dilemma of using racial and ethnic categories in biomedical research.BMC medical research methodology · 2026Article
- Equity challenges in public health responses during the COVID-19 Pandemic: mixed-methods study of Travellers' experiences in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France.International journal for equity in health · 2026Article
- Investigating the contribution of socio-economic position to ethnic inequalities in severe COVID-19 outcomes: population-based mediation analyses of national linked Scottish data.European journal of public health · 2025Article
- Sociodemographic patterns of COVID-19 mortality: the 2020 Japanese census-linked mortality database.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Article
- Coronavirus-two infection among adults: A scoping review of literature published in 2023-24.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Are ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 outcomes mediated by occupation risk? Analyses of a 2-year record linked national cohort study in Scotland.European journal of public health · 2025Article
- Individual, household structure, and socioeconomic predictors of COVID-19 testing and vaccination outcomes: a whole population linked data analysis.International journal of population data science · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
26 authors at 11 institutions in 4 countries.
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Abstract
backgroundThis study aims to estimate ethnic inequalities in risk for positive SARS-CoV-2 tests, COVID-19 hospitalisations and deaths over time in Scotland.
methodsWe conducted a population-based cohort study where the 2011 Scottish Census was linked to health records. We included all individuals ≥ 16 years living in Scotland on 1 March 2020. The study period was from 1 March 2020 to 17 April 2022. Self-reported ethnic group was taken from the census and Cox proportional hazard models estimated HRs for positive SARS-CoV-2 tests, hospitalisations and deaths, adjusted for age, sex and health board. We also conducted separate analyses for each of the four waves of COVID-19 to assess changes in risk over time.
findingsOf the 4 358 339 individuals analysed, 1 093 234 positive SARS-CoV-2 tests, 37 437 hospitalisations and 14 158 deaths occurred. The risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation or death among ethnic minority groups was often higher for White Gypsy/Traveller (HR 2.21, 95% CI (1.61 to 3.06)) and Pakistani 2.09 (1.90 to 2.29) groups compared with the white Scottish group. The risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation or death following confirmed positive SARS-CoV-2 test was particularly higher for White Gypsy/Traveller 2.55 (1.81-3.58), Pakistani 1.75 (1.59-1.73) and African 1.61 (1.28-2.03) individuals relative to white Scottish individuals. However, the risk of COVID-19-related death following hospitalisation did not differ. The risk of COVID-19 outcomes for ethnic minority groups was higher in the first three waves compared with the fourth wave.
interpretationMost ethnic minority groups were at increased risk of adverse COVID-19 outcomes in Scotland, especially White Gypsy/Traveller and Pakistani groups. Ethnic inequalities persisted following community infection but not following hospitalisation, suggesting differences in hospital treatment did not substantially contribute to ethnic inequalities.
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