ReviewVaccines2023
Oral Vaccines: A Better Future of Immunization.
Review in Vaccines, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Co-administration of oral killed whole-cell recombinant cholera toxin B-subunit vaccine (WC-rCTB) and live Salmonella Typhi Ty21a vaccine: a prospective randomized open-label trial.Journal of travel medicine · 2026Trial
- Smart nanoparticle vaccines integrate nanotechnology artificial intelligence and immunoengineering for precision immunization.Discover nano · 2026Review
- Combating respiratory diseases with mucosal vaccines.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Influence of Gut Microbiota on Immune Responses and Protection in Volunteers Receiving the Live Attenuated Oral ETEC Vaccine ACE257 followed by Virulent ETEC H10407 Challenge.Research square · 2026Article
- Oral yeast-displayed SARS-CoV-2 spike protein vaccine enhanced by trimerization and flagellin peptide.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Review
- Progress and challenge of hepatitis B virus mucosal vaccines.Virology journal · 2026Review
- Immunomodulatory Role of Milk on Gut Microbiota: Implications for Enhancing Oral Vaccine Efficacy.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Next-generation mucosal vaccines for respiratory viruses: Immunological correlates, platform design and clinical translation.World journal of virology · 2026Review
- Review
- Leishmaniasis vaccine research: current status and new directions.Parasitology · 2026Review
- Nanoparticles as Delivery Vehicles for Vaccines: The Use of Gold Nanoparticles.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2026Review
- Probiotic-based oral vaccine mucosal delivery system enabling genetically encoded dual-antigen arrays.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Review
- Transcriptomic Analysis of Immune Tolerance Induction in NOD Mice Following Oral Vaccination with GAD65-Vaccines · 2025Article
- Development of an efficacious oral peptide vaccine against infection with the carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini.Vaccine · 2025Article
- Modulation of oral vaccine efficacy by the gut microbiota.NPJ vaccines · 2025Review
- Oral administration of Bacillus subtilis spores expressing Staphylococcus aureus IsdB induces mucosal immune responses in mice.Biotechnology letters · 2025Article
- Evaluation of oral and injectable liposome-based vaccines with synthesized lipid for Japanese encephalitis virus in Sprague-Dawley rats.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Oral vaccines are gaining more attention due to their ease of administration, lower invasiveness, generally greater safety, and lower cost than injectable vaccines. This review introduces certified oral vaccines for adenovirus, recombinant protein-based, and transgenic plant-based oral vaccines, and their mechanisms for inducing an immune response. Procedures for regulatory approval and clinical trials of injectable and oral vaccines are also covered. Challenges such as instability and reduced efficacy in low-income countries associated with oral vaccines are discussed, as well as recent developments, such as Bacillus-subtilis-based and nanoparticle-based delivery systems that have the potential to improve the effectiveness of oral vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.