ArticlePathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Female Sex Hormones Upregulate the Replication Activity of HIV-1 Sub-Subtype A6 and CRF02_AG but Not HIV-1 Subtype B.
Article in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 2 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gonadocorticoids Have Different Effects on the Expression of Toll-like Receptors When Infected with Various HIV-1 Subtypes.Viruses · 2025Article
- Impact of Female Sex Hormones on the Expression of CCR5/CCR8 Co-Receptor Genes and Virus Replication in HIV-1 Infection.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
More than 50% of all people living with HIV worldwide are women. Globally, HIV/AIDS is the leading cause of death among women aged 15 to 44. The safe and effective methods of hormonal contraception are an essential component of preventive medical care in order to reduce maternal and infant mortality. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the effect of hormones on the rate of viral replication in HIV infection, especially non-B subtypes. The goal of the present work was to study in vitro how the female hormones β-estradiol and progesterone affect the replication of the HIV-1 subtypes A6, CRF02_AG, and B. The findings show that high doses of hormones enhanced the replication of HIV-1 sub-subtype A6 by an average of 1.75 times and the recombinant variant CRF02_AG by 1.4 times but did not affect the replication of HIV-1 subtype B. No difference was detected in the expression of CCR5 and CXCR4 co-receptors on the cell surface, either in the presence or absence of hormones. However, one of the reasons for the increased viral replication could be the modulated TLRs secretion, as it was found that high doses of estradiol and progesterone upregulated, to varying degrees, the expression of TLR2 and TLR9 genes in the PBMCs of female donors infected with HIV-1 sub-subtype A6.
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