ArticleMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Food on the Italian Market.
Article in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- [Determination of 35 pyrrolizidine alkaloids in dried tea by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography- triple quadrupole mass spectrometry].Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography · 2025Article
- Tropane and Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Edible Flowers and Flower-Derived Foods: A Food Safety Perspective.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A Review of the Main Biologically Active Compounds of the GenusPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Quantitative Analysis of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Food Matrices and Plant-Derived Samples Using UHPLC-MS/MS.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids as Hazardous Toxins in Natural Products: Current Analytical Methods and Latest Legal Regulations.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are secondary metabolites produced by over 6000 plant species worldwide. PAs enter the food chain through accidental co-harvesting of PA-containing weeds and through soil transfer from the living plant to surrounding acceptor plants. In animal studies, 1,2-unsaturated PAs have proven to be genotoxic carcinogens. According to the scientific opinion expressed by the 2017 EFSA, the foods with the highest levels of PA contamination were honey, tea, herbal infusions, and food supplements. Following the EFSA's recommendations, data on the presence of PAs in relevant food were monitored and collected. On 1 July 2022, the Commission Regulation (EU) 2020/2040 came into force, repealed by Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915, setting maximum levels for the sum of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in certain food. A total of 602 food samples were collected from the Italian market between 2019 and 2022 and were classified as honey, pollen, dried tea, dried herbal infusions, dried herbs, and fresh borage leaves. The food samples were analyzed for their PA content via an in-house LC-MS/MS method that can detect PAs according to Regulation 2023/915. Overall, 42% of the analyzed samples were PA-contaminated, 14% exceeded the EU limits, and the items most frequently contaminated included dried herbs and tea. In conclusion, the number of food items containing considerable amounts of PAs may cause concern because they may contribute to human exposure, especially considering vulnerable populations-most importantly, children and pregnant women.
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