ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2023
The Price of Human Evolution: Cancer-Testis Antigens, the Decline in Male Fertility and the Increase in Cancer.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inflamed Yet Immune-Evasive? A Transcriptomic Meta-Analysis Identifies Conserved Inflammatory, Developmental, and Neuronal Signatures Associated with Polyploid Giant Cancer Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Influencing factors of reproductive concerns in reproductive-aged male patients with cancer: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Repair and misrepair of telomeric DNA in dynamic interactions with PML nuclear bodies and lamin B1 in doxorubicin-treated cancer cells.Nucleus (Austin, Tex.) · 2026Article
- Analysis of Transcript Expression and Core Promoter DNA Sequences of Brain, Adipose Tissues and Testis in Human and Fruit Fly.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Intrinsic Disorder and Phase Separation Coordinate Exocytosis, Motility, and Chromatin Remodeling in the Human Acrosomal Proteome.Proteomes · 2025Article
- Paxillin promotes the invasion and migration of polyploid giant cancer cells with daughter cells after arsenic trioxide treatment by regulating the expression of cathepsin B/D.Journal of Cancer · 2025Article
- The Spiral Model of Evolution: Stable Life Forms of Organisms and Unstable Life Forms of Cancers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Population decline: where demography, social science, and biology intersect.Reproduction (Cambridge, England) · 2024Review
- The Global Decline in Human Fertility: The Post-Transition Trap Hypothesis.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Special Issue "Advances in Genome Regulation in Cancer".International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The increasing frequency of general and particularly male cancer coupled with the reduction in male fertility seen worldwide motivated us to seek a potential evolutionary link between these two phenomena, concerning the reproductive transcriptional modules observed in cancer and the expression of cancer-testis antigens (CTA). The phylostratigraphy analysis of the human genome allowed us to link the early evolutionary origin of cancer via the reproductive life cycles of the unicellulars and early multicellulars, potentially driving soma-germ transition, female meiosis, and the parthenogenesis of polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs), with the expansion of the CTA multi-families, very late during their evolution. CTA adaptation was aided by retrovirus domestication in the unstable genomes of mammals, for protecting male fertility in stress conditions, particularly that of humans, as compensation for the energy consumption of a large complex brain which also exploited retrotransposition. We found that the early and late evolutionary branches of human cancer are united by the immunity-proto-placental network, which evolved in the Cambrian and shares stress regulators with the finely-tuned sex determination system. We further propose that social stress and endocrine disruption caused by environmental pollution with organic materials, which alter sex determination in male foetuses and further spermatogenesis in adults, bias the development of PGCC-parthenogenetic cancer by default.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.