ReviewBiomedicines2023
The Potential Influence of Uremic Toxins on the Homeostasis of Bones and Muscles in Chronic Kidney Disease.
Review in Biomedicines, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Adynamic bone disorder in chronic kidney disease: meta-analysis and narrative review of potential biomarkers as diagnosis and therapeutic targets.Renal failure · 2025Pooled it
- Comparison of the gut microbiota in older people with and without sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Molecular Hydrogen and the Uremic Skeleton: A Critical Review and Turnover-State-Dependent Redox Hypothesis in CKD-MBD.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Effects of Parathyroidectomy on Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Function in Uremia-Associated Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Review
- The Association between Sarcopenia and Chronic Kidney Disease among the Patients of Diabetes Mellitus: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2011.Journal of bone metabolism · 2026Article
- The Gut-Kidney-Metabolic Axis: Impact of Gut-Derived Uremic Toxins on Insulin Resistance in Diabetic Kidney Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Impact of high-flux vs. conventional hemodialysis on clinical efficacy in patients with chronic renal failure (uremic stage) using real-world data.American journal of translational research · 2026Article
- The Relationship between Sarcopenia and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk among Middle-Aged and Older Adults across Stages 0-3 of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: Evidence from NHANES and CHARLS.Cardiorenal medicine · 2026Article
- Crosstalk in the kidney-muscle axis: myokines and muscle-relevant mediators in chronic kidney disease-associated sarcopenia.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Diagnostic performance of ultrasonographic medial gastrocnemius muscle thickness for sarcopenia in patients on maintenance hemodialysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Osteoarthritis as a systemic disorder: multi-organ crosstalk in pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Nutritional Status Evaluation and Intervention in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Practical Approach.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Bone in Parathyroid Diseases Revisited: Evidence From Epidemiological, Surgical and New Drug Outcomes.Endocrine reviews · 2025Review
- Review
- Chronic Kidney Disease and Osteoarthritis: Current Understanding and Future Research Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Effectiveness of Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors and Semaglutide on Body Composition in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Real-World Cohort Study with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2025Article
- Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Linking Chronic Kidney Disease and Sarcopenia in Aging: An Integrated Perspective.Clinical interventions in aging · 2025Review
- Hyperphosphatemia Contributes to Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Skeletal Muscle Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease-From Histologic Changes to Molecular Mechanisms and to Novel Therapies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often experience a high accumulation of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs), specifically indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS). In the early stages of CKD, the buildup of PBUTs inhibits bone and muscle function. As CKD progresses, elevated PBUT levels further hinder bone turnover and exacerbate muscle wasting. In the late stage of CKD, hyperparathyroidism worsens PBUT-induced muscle damage but can improve low bone turnover. PBUTs play a significant role in reducing both the quantity and quality of bone by affecting osteoblast and osteoclast lineage. IS, in particular, interferes with osteoblastogenesis by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling, which reduces the expression of Runx2 and impedes osteoblast differentiation. High PBUT levels can also reduce calcitriol production, increase the expression of Wnt antagonists (SOST, DKK1), and decrease klotho expression, all of which contribute to low bone turnover disorders. Furthermore, PBUT accumulation leads to continuous muscle protein breakdown through the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines. Interactions between muscles and bones, mediated by various factors released from individual tissues, play a crucial role in the mutual modulation of bone and muscle in CKD. Exercise and nutritional therapy have the potential to yield favorable outcomes. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of bone and muscle loss in CKD can aid in developing new therapies for musculoskeletal diseases, particularly those related to bone loss and muscle wasting.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.