ArticleBiomedicines2023
Why Temporal Inference Stimulation May Fail in the Human Brain: A Pilot Research Study.
Article in Biomedicines, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mapping the Global Trajectory and Key Trends of Temporal Interference Stimulation.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Implantation of a passive electrical neurostimulation device achieves inflammatory modulation in rodents.Communications biology · 2026Article
- The same biophysical mechanism is involved in both temporal interference and direct kHz stimulation of peripheral nerves.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Human Applications of Transcranial Temporal Interference Stimulation: A Systematic Review.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Functional connectivity of the precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex moderates the relationship between tic symptoms and premonitory urge in tourette syndrome.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Article
- Excitation and polarization of isolated neurons by high-frequency sine waves for temporal interference stimulation.Cell reports. Physical science · 2025Article
- On the need of individually optimizing temporal interference stimulation of human brains due to inter-individual variability.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Beyond the surface: a review of transcranial temporal interference stimulation for deep brain modulation.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Review
- Article
- Temporal interference stimulation disrupts spike timing in the primate brain.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Brain Response to Interferential Current Compared with Alternating Current Stimulation.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- On the need of individually optimizing temporal interference stimulation of human brains due to inter-individual variability.Brain stimulationArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) aims at targeting deep brain areas during transcranial electrical alternating current stimulation (tACS) by generating interference fields at depth. Although its modulatory effects have been demonstrated in animal and human models and stimulation studies, direct experimental evidence is lacking for its utility in humans (in vivo). Herein, we directly test and compare three different structures: firstly, we perform peripheral nerve and muscle stimulation quantifying muscle twitches as readout, secondly, we stimulate peri-orbitally with phosphene perception as a surrogate marker, and thirdly, we attempt to modulate the mean power of alpha oscillations in the occipital area as measured with electroencephalography (EEG). We found strong evidence for stimulation efficacy on the modulated frequency in the PNS, but we found no evidence for its utility in the CNS. Possible reasons for failing to activate CNS targets could be comparatively higher activation thresholds here or inhibitory stimulation components to the carrier frequency interfering with the effects of the modulated signal.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.