ReviewBrain sciences2023
Toxicity of Synthetic Cannabinoids in K2/Spice: A Systematic Review.
Review in Brain sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Uncovering the Metabolic Footprint of New Psychoactive Substances by Metabolomics: A Systematic Review.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- New Psychoactive Substances Toxicity: A Systematic Review of Acute and Chronic Psychiatric Effects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Entomological consequences and toxicological detection of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) in necrophagous larvae (Diptera: Calliphoridae).International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- Data Hidden in Sewage: Advanced Methods for Identification and Quantification of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Urban Wastewater.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Behavioral pharmacology of novel synthetic indazole, indole, and benzimidazole cannabinoids in rodents.Journal of cannabis research · 2026Article
- Detection of drugs of abuse: evolving analytical strategies and emerging challenges.Frontiers in chemistry · 2026Review
- Contribution of Addictovigilance data to assess adverse-events linked to psychoactive substances in children and adolescents.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2025Article
- "It's legal, now what?" development, implementation, and evaluation of interdisciplinary cannabis education for healthcare trainees.Journal of cannabis research · 2025Article
- Molecular Mechanisms of the Endocannabinoid System with a Focus on Reproductive Physiology and the Cannabinoid Impact on Fertility.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Enzymatic hydrolysis of ∆Forensic toxicology · 2025Article
- Noncovalent Interaction-Based Probe Design for PET-Facilitated Fluorescence Sensing of Synthetic Cannabinoids.ACS omega · 2025Article
- The resurgence of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists as adulterants in the Era of Cannabis legalization: Lessons from prior epidemics and clinical implications.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Review
- Long-term consequences of adolescent exposure to the synthetic cannabinoid AB-FUBINACA in male and female mice.iScience · 2025Article
- Does a carboxamide moiety alter the toxicokinetics of synthetic cannabinoids? A study after pulmonary and intravenous administration of cumyl-5F-P7AICA to pigs.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Does a postmortem redistribution affect the concentrations of the 7 azaindole-derived synthetic cannabinoid 5F-MDMB-P7AICA in tissues and body fluids following pulmonary administration to pigs?Archives of toxicology · 2024Article
- Interpreting mono- and poly-SCRA intoxications from an activity-based point of view: JWH-018 equivalents in serum as a comparative measure.Archives of toxicology · 2024Article
- Cannabis Use Variations and Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- An Internet Snapshot Survey Assessing the sale of Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists for use with Electronic Vaping Devices.Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology · 2024Article
- Advances in Neuropsychology: Top Papers Published inBrain sciences · 2024Article
- Prevalence and patterns of substance use in West Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
(1) Background: Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are emerging drugs of abuse sold as 'K2', 'K9' or 'Spice'. Evidence shows that using SCs products leads to greater health risks than cannabis. They have been associated with greater toxicity and higher addiction potential unrelated to the primary psychoactive component of marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). Moreover, early cases of intoxication and death related to SCs highlight the inherent danger that may accompany the use of these substances. However, there is limited knowledge of the toxicology of Spice ingredients. This systematic review intends to analyze the toxicity of SCs compounds in Spice/K2 drugs. (2) Methods: Studies analyzing synthetic cannabinoid toxicity and dependence were included in the present review. We searched the PubMed database of the US National Library of Medicine, Google Scholar, CompTox Chemicals, and Web of Science up to May 2022. (3) Results: Sixty-four articles reporting the effects of synthetic cannabinoids in humans were included in our review. Ten original papers and fifty-four case studies were also included. Fourteen studies reported death associated with synthetic cannabinoid use, with AB-CHMINACA and MDMB-CHMICA being the main reported SCs. Tachycardia and seizures were the most common toxicity symptoms. The prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms was higher in third-generation SCs. (4) Conclusion: SCs may exhibit higher toxicity than THC and longer-lasting effects. Their use may be harmful, especially in people with epilepsy and schizophrenia, because of the increased risk of the precipitation of psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Compared to other drugs, SCs have a higher potential to trigger a convulsive crisis, a decline in consciousness, and hemodynamic changes. Therefore, it is crucial to clarify their potential harms and increase the availability of toxicology data in both clinical and research settings.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.