ArticleChildren (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Human Milk Feeding Is Associated with Decreased Incidence of Moderate-Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Extremely Preterm Infants.
Article in Children (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Economic evaluations of human milk for very preterm infants: a systematic review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Beyond bronchopulmonary dysplasia: impact of human milk feeding on long-term respiratory morbidity in very preterm infants.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- The Impact of Opt-In versus Opt-Out Consent Process for the Use of Donor Human Milk on Feeding Practice and Growth Pattern in Preterm Neonates.American journal of perinatology · 2026Article
- Review
- Impact of Enteral Nutrition on Clinical Outcomes in Very Low Birth Weight Infants in the NICU: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Article
- Hour of Life at Enteral Feeding Initiation and Associated Clinical Morbidity in Extremely Low-Birth-Weight Infants.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Association of healthy eating index (HEI), alternative healthy eating index (AHEI) with antioxidant capacity of maternal breast milk and infant's urine: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAn increased rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is reported in extremely preterm infants. A potential role of human milk feeding in protecting against this condition has been suggested.
methodsA retrospective descriptive study was conducted based on data about morbidity in the population of infants born between 22+0 and 26+6 weeks of gestation, included in the Spanish network SEN1500 during the period 2004-2019 and discharged alive. The primary outcome was moderate-severe BPD. Associated conditions were studied, including human milk feeding at discharge. The temporal trends of BPD and human milk feeding rates at discharge were also studied.
resultsIn the study population of 4341 infants, the rate of moderate-severe BPD was 43.7% and it increased to >50% in the last three years. The factors significantly associated with a higher risk of moderate-severe BPD were birth weight, male sex, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, inhaled nitric oxide, patent ductus arteriosus, and late-onset sepsis. Exclusive human milk feeding and any amount of human milk at discharge were associated with a lower incidence of moderate-severe BPD (OR 0.752, 95% CI 0.629-0.901 and OR 0.714, 95% CI 0.602-0.847, respectively). During the study period, the proportion of infants with moderate-severe BPD fed any amount of human milk at discharge increased more than twofold. And the proportion of infants with moderate-severe BPD who were exclusively fed human milk at discharge increased at the same rate.
conclusionsOur work shows an inverse relationship between human milk feeding at discharge from the neonatal unit and the occurrence of BPD.
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