ReviewBiology2023
Gender Differences in the Pathogenesis and Risk Factors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
Review in Biology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Technology and health care : official journal of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Matching-adjusted indirect comparison of tislelizumab plus lenvatinib versus sintilimab plus bevacizumab biosimilar as first-line treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- Sex and base excision repair as key susceptibility factors for alkylation-induced mutations, toxicity and hepatic cancer.DNA repair · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of the Immune Profiles of Women and Men With Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- Sexual dimorphism in the liver.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- Article
- Aflatoxin BJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- An immunocompetent murine model of virus-elicited liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.Journal of hepatology · 2026Article
- HIV causes global B cell dysregulation and restricts HBV-specific B cell development in an incident HBV cohort.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Observational
- Primary liver cancer at tertiary healthcare facility in Guinea: a cross-sectional study.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Development of a longitudinal predictive model for hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence in patients with chronic hepatitis B.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Rural-Urban Disparities in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence and Mortality.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Sex-based molecular and prognostic disparities in pan-cancer: an analysis across the global cohorts.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Article
- Global trends in early-onset liver cancer incidence and projections to 2050 based on the global burden of disease study 2021.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Early life exposure to N-nitrosamine drives genotoxicity, mutagenesis, and tumorigenesis in DNA repair-deficient mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Gastrointestinal cancers in women: The role of sex hormones.Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology · 2026Review
- Disparities in Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review of Global and Sociodemographic Factors.Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2026Review
- Prognostic nomogram for recurrence free survival in elderly patients with HBV related hepatocellular carcinoma and diabetes from a multicenter study.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in the Impact of Obesity on Immunity.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Primary Liver Cancer Trends Worldwide and in China: Analysis of GLOBOCAN 2022 Data and Disease Management Implications.Portal hypertension & cirrhosis · 2026Review
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
21 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Several chronic liver diseases are characterized by a clear gender disparity. Among them, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) shows significantly higher incidence rates in men than in women. The different epidemiological distribution of risk factors for liver disease and HCC only partially accounts for these gender differences. In fact, the liver is an organ with recognized sexual dysmorphism and is extremely sensitive to the action of androgens and estrogens. Sex hormones act by modulating the risk of developing HCC and influencing its aggressiveness, response to treatments, and prognosis. Furthermore, androgens and estrogens are able to modulate the action of other factors and cofactors of liver damage (e.g., chronic HBV infection, obesity), significantly influencing their carcinogenic power. The purpose of this review is to examine the factors related to the different gender distribution in the incidence of HCC as well as the pathophysiological mechanisms involved, with particular reference to the central role played by sex hormones.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.