ArticleBMC psychiatry2023
A factor analytic comparison of three commonly used depression scales (HAMD, MADRS, BDI) in a large sample of depressed inpatients.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effect of leisure-time physical activity on depression and depressive symptoms in menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Effects of lavender oil preparation silexan on different symptoms of major depression - results from a randomized, controlled trial.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Trial
- Effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation add-on to dialectical behavioral therapy in borderline personality disorder: results of a randomized, sham-controlled pilot trial.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Trial
- REM density predicts rapid antidepressant response to ketamine in individuals with treatment-resistant depression.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Trial
- Targeting the dopaminergic midbrain with precision 7-Tesla biofeedback training in depression: A proof-of-principle randomized controlled trial.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Increased prevalence of depressive symptoms and stress in patients with chronic bothersome tinnitus during the COVID-19 pandemic.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- Long-Term Cardiovascular Risks of Anticholinergic Versus Non-Anticholinergic Antidepressants: A Target Trial Emulation With Negative Control Correction.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2026Article
- When Dryness Extends to the Brain: Brain-Related Non-Sicca Manifestations of Sjögren's Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- International Depression Questionnaire and International Anxiety Questionnaire: validation of brief ICD-11 measures for depression and generalised anxiety disorder.BMJ mental health · 2026Observational
- Correlation between clinical features of acute episode of major depressive disorder and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) function: a cross-sectional study.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- High dosage accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation without precision targeting and dosing in depression: an open-label pilot study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Depression and apathy: examining an overlooked dimension.Annals of general psychiatry · 2026Article
- Real-World Assessment of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Combined with Sertraline in the Treatment of Depression in Vietnam.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2026Article
- Impact of continuous home care on quality of life and depression status in patients with acute coronary syndrome.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Exploratory analysis of symptom-specific efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation in adolescent depression.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Observer-Independent Assessment of Content Overlap in Mental Health Questionnaires: Large Language Model-Based Study.JMIR AI · 2025Article
- Sudden Gains in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Seasonal Affective Disorder.Cognitive therapy and research · 2025Article
- Do complex psychometric analyses really matter? Comparing multiple approaches using individual participant data from antidepressant trials.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Multilevel brain functional connectivity and task-based representations explaining heterogeneity in major depressive disorder.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Factor Analysis of the BDI-II and HAMD-21 in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome.Alpha psychiatry · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundQuantifying depression mainly relies on the use of depression scales, and understanding their factor structure is crucial for evaluating their validity.
methodsThis post-hoc analysis utilized prospectively collected data from a naturalistic study of 1014 inpatients with major depression. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were performed to test the psychometric abilities of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale, and the self-rated Beck Depression Inventory. A combined factor analysis was also conducted including all items of all scales.
resultsAll three scales showed good to very good internal consistency. The HAMD-17 had four factors: an "anxiety" factor, a "depression" factor, an "insomnia" factor, and a "somatic" factor. The MADRS also had four factors: a "sadness" factor, a neurovegetative factor, a "detachment" factor and a "negative thoughts" factor, while the BDI had three factors: a "negative attitude towards self" factor, a "performance impairment" factor, and a "somatic" factor. The combined factor analysis suggested that self-ratings might reflect a distinct illness dimension within major depression.
conclusionsThe factors obtained in this study are comparable to those found in previous research. Self and clinician ratings are complementary and not redundant, highlighting the importance of using multiple measures to quantify depression.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.