Exploring the physiological plasticity of giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) to dietary sulfur amino acids and taurine to measure dietary requirements and essentiality.

Giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) is an economically important yet under-researched species, still reliant on 'trash fish' or generic aquafeeds. The transition toward sustainable formulations is contingent on establishing requirements of target species for limiting nutrients, among which the sulfur amino acids (methionine and cysteine) commonly limit fish growth. Further, there remains significant conjecture around the role of the sulfonic acid taurine in marine aquafeed formulation and its relationship to sulfur amino acids. To develop a species-specific feed formulation for giant grouper, dietary methionine was modulated in a dose-response experiment to achieve five graded levels from 9.5 to 21.5 g/kg, including an additional diet with methionine at 18.6 g/kg supplemented with 8 g/kg taurine. The mean (±SD) cysteine level of the diets was 4.5 ± 0.3 g/kg. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate tanks of 14 fish (83.9 ± 8.4 g). The best-fit regression for growth showed that the optimal dietary methionine content was 15.8 g/kg and the total sulfur amino acid content was 20.3 g/kg. Inadequate dietary methionine content triggered physiological responses, including hepatic hyperplasia and hypoplasia at 9.5 and 21.5 g/kg, respectively, and high aspartate transaminase levels at 18.9 g/kg. Moreover, inadequate dietary methionine contents resulted in higher densities of mixed goblet cell mucin and reduced absorptive surface area of posterior intestinal villi. Our results suggest that adequate levels of methionine, but not taurine, improved posterior intestinal conditions and liver homeostasis. These findings may aid in formulating aquafeeds to optimize gastrointestinal and liver functions in juvenile giant grouper.