ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2023
The Gut Microbiota Differ in Exclusively Breastfed and Formula-Fed United States Infants and are Associated with Growth Status.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Breast Milk and Infant Growth and Body Composition Among Healthy Mothers, Obese Mothers, and Mothers With Diabetes
Effects of Dietary Protein From Meat vs. Dairy on Infant Growth, Body Composition and Gut Health
The Effects of Early Complementary Feeding on Growth, Neurodevelopment, Sleep and Gut Health
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Blueberry Consumption in Early Life and Its Effects on Allergy, Immune Biomarkers, and Their Association with the Gut Microbiome.Nutrients · 2025Trial
- Single-cell transcriptomics reveals that human milk feeding shapes neonatal immune cell interleukin signaling pathways in a nonrandomized clinical trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Dairy Bioactive Compounds as Precision Modulators of Gut Microbiota: From Molecular Mechanisms to Personalized Immunometabolic Health.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review
- Industrialization increases the estrogen-recycling capacity of the gut microbiome.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Human milk and infant formula influence lactobacilli metabolism in a species-specific manner.NPJ science of food · 2026Article
- Oxycodone self-administration and genetic background exert community-specific effects in the gut microbiome.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Integrated Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Metabolome Profiling Reveals the Effects of Feeding Approaches on Infants' Gut Microenvironment.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Gestational diabetes, human milk oligosaccharide concentrations, and their links to infant weight gain and the gut microbiome in a United States observational cohort.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Observational
- Mixed Evidence for Impact of Early Infant Gut Microbiome and Later Development of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the MARBLES Prospective Cohort Study.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Article
- Unveiling the viral dimension: The paediatric gut virome as a key modulator of gastrointestinal metabolic, and neurodevelopmental health.World journal of virology · 2026Review
- Association of feeding methods in early life with gut microbiota in neonates.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Chemokine-receptor-dependent inflammatory responses contribute to two-hit-induced experimental necrotizing enterocolitis and represent a potential therapeutic target.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The role of the gut microbiota during the first 2 years of life in the early programming of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Associations of Lactoferrin-Fortified Formula with Infant Growth and Gut Microbiota: A Real-World Observational Study.Nutrients · 2025Observational
- Harnessing the microbiota-gut-brain axis to prevent and treat pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders: translational insights and strategies.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Prospective Associations of Breastfeeding Parents' Postpartum Dietary Intake With Infant Gut Microbiome at Age 6 Months in the Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2025Article
- The Association Between Maternal Diet and the Human Milk Microbiome: A Review of Evidence and Methodological Challenges.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Factors Influencing the Colostrum's Microbiota: A Systematic Review of the Literature.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEvidence regarding the effects of infant feeding type (exclusive breastfeeding compared with exclusive formula feeding) on the gut microbiota and how it impacts infant growth status is limited.
objectivesThe primary objective was to compare gut microbiota by feeding type and characterize the associations between gut microbiota and infant growth status.
methodsStool samples from healthy, full-term infants (4-5 mo-old) who were either exclusively breastfed (BF) or exclusively formula-fed (FF) in Denver, CO, United States were collected, and fecal 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene-based profiling was conducted. Length and weight were measured at the time of stool collection. Length-for-age z-score, weight-for-age z-scores (WAZ), and weight-for-length z-scores were calculated based on the World Health Organization standards. Associations between gut microbial taxa and anthropometric z-scores were assessed by Spearman's rank correlation test.
resultsA total of 115 infants (BF n = 54; FF n = 61) were included in this study. Feeding type (BF compared with FF) was the most significant tested variable on gut microbiota composition (P < 1 × 10-⁶), followed by mode of delivery and race. Significant differences were observed in α-diversity, β-diversity, and relative abundances of individual taxa between BF and FF. BF infants had lower α-diversity than FF infants. Abundances of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were greater in the breastfeeding group. FF infants had a higher relative abundance of unclassified Ruminococcaceae (P < 0.001), which was associated with a higher WAZ (P < 0.001) and length-for-age z-score (P < 0.01). Lactobacillus was inversely associated with WAZ (P < 0.05).
conclusionsFeeding type is the main driver of gut microbiota differences in young infants. The gut microbiota differences based on feeding type (exclusive breast- or formula feeding) were associated with observed differences in growth status. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02142647, NCT01693406, and NCT04137445.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.