ReviewGels (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Essential Guide to Hydrogel Rheology in Extrusion 3D Printing: How to Measure It and Why It Matters?
Review in Gels (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed.
- Extrusion-Based 3D Food Printing of Gluten-Free Quinoa Biscuits: Formulation and Printing Parameter Optimization.Journal of food science · 2026Article
- ROS-Responsive ECM Mimetic Hyaluronic Acid-PEGDA Hydrogel Enables Palmitoleic Acid-Mediated Suppression of Oxidative Stress and Atherosclerosis via AMPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 Signalling.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Based on Bacterial Cellulose and Poly(acrylic acid-co-N, N-methylene-bis-acrylamide) as Carriers for Phytoextracts.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Multifunctional 3D-Printed Alginate Emulgel Patches Incorporating Plant Extracts for Potential Burn Wound Applications.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Physical and Mechanical Characterisation of 3D-Bioprinted Hydrogels for Dental Applications: A Scoping Review.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Assessment of Bovine Collagen Manufactured via Cellular Agriculture.ACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2026Article
- Thiolated Polymers in 3D Bioprinting: Control of Gelation.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Review
- Effect of Post-Mixing pH Regulation of a Gelatin-κ-Carrageenan System on the Structure and 3D Printing Performance of Yellow Peach Pulp Gels.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Fully plant-derived flaxseed mucilage-soy protein inks for extrusion-based 3D printing of tunable hydrogel scaffolds.RSC advances · 2026Article
- Semi-solid Extrusion 3D Printing of Chitosan/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite Films for Microextraction of Pesticides in Water.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Advances in extrusion-based bioprinting enabled by advanced printhead and nozzle designs.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Amine-Functionalized Activated Carbon Monoliths by 3D Printing for Direct Air Capture.Global challenges (Hoboken, NJ) · 2026Article
- PVA:ALG Hybrid Bioink for Biofabrication of 3D Neural Models.ACS omega · 2026Article
- 3D Printing of Cincau Perdu (Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- 3D Printing with Tragacanth-Gum-Based Bioinks: A New Frontier in Bioprinting Materials.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Comprehensive Characterisation of Photocurable PEGDA/Gelatine Hydrogels for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Multi-Material Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Hybrid Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Application.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Artificial Intelligence Informed Hydrogel Biomaterials in Additive Manufacturing.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Rheology plays a crucial role in the field of extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing, particularly in the context of hydrogels. Hydrogels have gained popularity in 3D printing due to their potential applications in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery. The rheological properties of the printing material have a significant impact on its behaviour throughout the 3D printing process, including its extrudability, shape retention, and response to stress and strain. Thus, understanding the rheological characteristics of hydrogels, such as shear thinning behaviour, thixotropy, viscoelasticity, and gelling mechanisms, is essential for optimising the printing process and achieving desired product quality and accuracy. This review discusses the theoretical foundations of rheology, explores different types of fluid and their properties, and discusses the essential rheological tests necessary for characterising hydrogels. The paper emphasises the importance of terminology, concepts, and the correct interpretation of results in evaluating hydrogel formulations. By presenting a detailed understanding of rheology in the context of 3D printing, this review paper aims to assist researchers, engineers, and practitioners in the field of hydrogel-based 3D printing in optimizing their printing processes and achieving desired product outcomes.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.