ArticleAntiviral research2023
Antiviral susceptibility of clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses isolated from birds and mammals in the United States, 2022.
Article in Antiviral research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antiviral activities of multiple antivirals against highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Antiviral susceptibility of clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses from humans in the United States, October 2024 to February 2025.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Antiviral Resistance in Influenza: Clinical and Public Health Implications.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Review
- Review
- Computational Structural Analysis Predicts Host-Range Promiscuity and Antiviral Resistance in North American H5N1 Lineages.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Evolution, spread and impact of highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza A viruses.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- From neuraminidase inhibitors to novel mechanisms: expanding therapeutic strategies against influenza.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Pathogenicity and transmissibility of bovine-derived HPAI H5N1 B3.13 virus in pigs.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Poultry Farm Workers, Washington, USA, 2024.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Influenza H5Nx viruses are susceptible to MEK1/2 inhibition by zapnometinib.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses in the United States from March 2024 to May 2025.Nature medicine · 2025Article
- Global update on the susceptibilities of influenza viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors and the cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir, 2020-2023.Antiviral research · 2025Article
- Genotype B3.13 influenza A(H5N1) viruses isolated from dairy cattle demonstrate high virulence in laboratory models, but retain avian virus-like properties.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Antiviral Therapy for HPAI and Reported Oseltamivir Resistance in Canada.Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada = Journal officiel de l'Association pour la microbiologie medicale et l'infectiologie Canada · 2025Article
- Genetic diversity of A(H5N1) avian influenza viruses isolated from birds and seals in Russia in 2023.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Antiviral Susceptibility of Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.4.4b Viruses from Humans, 2023-2024.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Pathogenicity and transmissibility of bovine-derived HPAI H5N1 B3.13 virus in pigs.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Emerging threats of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in swine: knowledge gaps and the imperative for a One Health approach.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
- Detection and characterization of H5N1 HPAIV in environmental samples from a dairy farm.Virus genes · 2024Article
- Genotypic and phenotypic susceptibility of emerging avian influenza A viruses to neuraminidase and cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitors.Antiviral research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) viruses that are responsible for devastating outbreaks in birds and mammals pose a potential threat to public health. Here, we evaluated their susceptibility to influenza antivirals. Of 1,015 sequences of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses collected in the United States during 2022, eight viruses (∼0.8%) had a molecular marker of drug resistance to an FDA-approved antiviral: three adamantane-resistant (M2-V27A), four oseltamivir-resistant (NA-H275Y), and one baloxavir-resistant (PA-I38T). Additionally, 31 viruses contained mutations that may reduce susceptibility to inhibitors of neuraminidase (NA) (n = 20) or cap-dependent endonuclease (CEN) (n = 11). A panel of 22 representative viruses was tested phenotypically. Overall, clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) viruses lacking recognized resistance mutations were susceptible to FDA-approved antivirals. Oseltamivir was least potent at inhibiting NA activity, while the investigational NA inhibitor AV5080 was most potent, including against NA mutants. A novel NA substitution T438N conferred 12-fold reduced inhibition by zanamivir, and in combination with the known marker N295S, synergistically affected susceptibility to all five NA inhibitors. In cell culture-based assays HINT and IRINA, the PA-I38T virus displayed 75- to 108-fold and 37- to 78-fold reduced susceptibility to CEN inhibitors, baloxavir and the investigational AV5116, respectively. Viruses with PA-I38M or PA-A37T showed 5- to 10-fold reduced susceptibilities. As HPAI A(H5N1) viruses continue to circulate and evolve, close monitoring of drug susceptibility is needed for risk assessment and to inform decisions regarding antiviral stockpiling.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.