ArticleNutrition journal2023
Relationship between caffeine intake and thyroid function: results from NHANES 2007-2012.
Article in Nutrition journal, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Chronic consumption of energy drinks and the risk of developing metabolic syndrome in rats.PeerJ · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular Findings and Effects of Caffeine on Experimental Hypothyroidism.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2025Article
- Relationship between vitamin B6 intake and thyroid function in US adults: NHANES 2007-2012 results.PloS one · 2025Article
- Association between weight-adjusted waist index and Hashimoto's thyroiditis: insights from NHANES 2007-2012.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundModerate caffeine intake decreases the risk of metabolic disorders and all-cause mortality, and the mechanism may be related to its ergogenic actions. Thyroid hormones are vital in metabolic homeostasis; however, their association with caffeine intake has rarely been explored.
objectiveTo investigate the association between caffeine intake and thyroid function.
methodsWe collected data on demographic background, medical conditions, dietary intake, and thyroid function from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012. Subgroups were classified using two-step cluster analysis, with sex, age, body mass index (BMI), hyperglycemia, hypertension, and cardio-cerebral vascular disease (CVD) being used for clustering. Restrictive cubic spline analysis was employed to investigate potential nonlinear correlations, and multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate the association between caffeine consumption and thyroid function.
resultsA total of 2,582 participants were included, and three subgroups with different metabolic features were clustered. In the most metabolically unhealthy group, with the oldest age, highest BMI, and more cases of hypertension, hyperglycemia, and CVD, there was a nonlinear relationship between caffeine intake and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level. After adjusting for age, sex, race, drinking, smoking, medical conditions, and micronutrient and macronutrient intake, caffeine intake of less than 9.97 mg/d was positively associated with serum TSH (p = 0.035, standardized β = 0.155); however, moderate caffeine consumption (9.97-264.97 mg/d) indicated a negative association (p = 0.001, standardized β = - 0.152).
conclusionsCaffeine consumption had a nonlinear relationship with serum TSH in people with metabolic disorders, and moderate caffeine intake (9.97 ~ 264.97 mg/d) was positively associated with serum TSH.
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