ReviewNeural regeneration research2024
Contribution of glial cells to the neuroprotective effects triggered by repetitive magnetic stimulation: a systematic review.
Review in Neural regeneration research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Pooled it
- Effect of Dual-Site Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation on Upper-Limb Function After Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Brain and behavior · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review of the neuropathology and memory decline induced by monosodium glutamate in the Alzheimer's disease-like animal model.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of intermittent theta-burst stimulation on cognition and glymphatic system activity in mild cognitive impairment and very mild Alzheimer's disease: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Trial
- Intermittent theta-burst stimulation promotes neurovascular unit remodeling after ischemic stroke in a mouse model.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Neuromodulation Techniques Alleviating Neuropathic Pain by Targeting Microglia: A Narrative Review.Pain and therapy · 2026Review
- Trans-spinal magnetic stimulation upregulates microglial SOCS3 to attenuate neuroinflammation in chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Repetitive trans-spinal magnetic stimulation promotes repair in inflammatory spinal cord injury through sex-dependent immune modulation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Complexity of resting cortical activity predicts neurophysiological responses to theta-burst stimulation but fails to generalize: A rigorous machine-learning approach.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Plasticity-Induced Motor Recovery of Bilateral Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Crossover Trial.Neurology and therapy · 2026Article
- Higher neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio predicts poor response to repetetive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS) in treatment resistant depression.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
- Innovating transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder: Zapping away the bad memory.Fundamental research · 2025Review
- Complexity of Resting Cortical Activity Predicts Neurophysiological Responses to Theta- Burst Stimulation but Fails to Generalize: A Rigorous Machine-Learning Approach.Research square · 2025Article
- On the Relation Between the Interstimulus Intervals and Multi-Muscle nTMS Motor Mapping.Brain topography · 2025Article
- The glymphatic system as a therapeutic target: TMS-induced modulation in older adults.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Efficacy of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in the Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa (BN): A Review and Insight into Potential Mechanisms of Action.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Sciatic nerve stimulation alleviates neuropathic pain and associated neuroinflammation in the dorsal root ganglia in a rodent model.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Article
- The Interplay of Sports and Nutrition in Neurological Health and Recovery.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Evaluation of microglia activation related markers following a clinical course of TBS: A non-human primate study.PloS one · 2024Article
- Assessing the efficacy and reproducibility of four common repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols: A sham-controled study.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been increasingly studied in different neurological diseases, and although most studies focus on its effects on neuronal cells, the contribution of non-neuronal cells to the improvement triggered by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in these diseases has been increasingly suggested. To systematically review the effects of repetitive magnetic stimulation on non-neuronal cells two online databases, Web of Science and PubMed were searched for the effects of high-frequency-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, low-frequency-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, intermittent theta-burst stimulation, continuous theta-burst stimulation, or repetitive magnetic stimulation on non-neuronal cells in models of disease and in unlesioned animals or cells. A total of 52 studies were included. The protocol more frequently used was high-frequency-repetitive magnetic stimulation, and in models of disease, most studies report that high-frequency-repetitive magnetic stimulation led to a decrease in astrocyte and microglial reactivity, a decrease in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and an increase of oligodendrocyte proliferation. The trend towards decreased microglial and astrocyte reactivity as well as increased oligodendrocyte proliferation occurred with intermittent theta-burst stimulation and continuous theta-burst stimulation. Few papers analyzed the low-frequency-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol, and the parameters evaluated were restricted to the study of astrocyte reactivity and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reporting the absence of effects on these parameters. In what concerns the use of magnetic stimulation in unlesioned animals or cells, most articles on all four types of stimulation reported a lack of effects. It is also important to point out that the studies were developed mostly in male rodents, not evaluating possible differential effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation between sexes. This systematic review supports that through modulation of glial cells repetitive magnetic stimulation contributes to the neuroprotection or repair in various neurological disease models. However, it should be noted that there are still few articles focusing on the impact of repetitive magnetic stimulation on non-neuronal cells and most studies did not perform in-depth analyses of the effects, emphasizing the need for more studies in this field.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.