ArticleMedical microbiology and immunology2023
COVID-19 recurrence is related to disease-early profile T cells while detection of anti-S1 IgG is related to multifunctional T cells.
Article in Medical microbiology and immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 2 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19 vaccination shifts neutrophils toward a mixed activated and regulatory phenotype in patients with severe disease.Molecular biology reports · 2026Observational
- Coinfection of Leprosy and Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis in a Family with STAT1 Gain-of-Function Mutation.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Mild and moderate manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including hospitalization, in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis.Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and leads from asymptomatic to severe outcomes. The recurrence of the COVID-19 has been described, however, mechanisms involved remains unclear. Thus, the work aimed to investigate the role of multifunctional T cells in patients with recurrent COVID-19. We evaluated clinical characteristics, presence of anti-S1 and anti-Nucleocapsid IgG in patients' sera, and multifunctional T cells (for IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α) in patients with multiple episodes of COVID-19 and controls. Data demonstrate that patients with recurrent COVID-19 have a T cell pattern predominantly related to IFN-γ production. Also, patients with COVID-19 history and absence of anti-S1 IgG had lower levels of CD4+ IFN + IL-2 + TNF + T cells independently of number of disease episodes. Complementary, vaccination changed the patterns of T cells phenotypes and induced IgG seroconversion, despite not induce higher levels of multifunctional T cells in all patients. In conclusion, the data suggest that recurrent disease is related to early-disease T cell profile and absence of anti-S1 IgG is related to lower multifunctional CD4 T cell response, what suggests possibility of new episodes of COVID-19 in these patients.
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