ArticleAnnals of internal medicine2023
Comparative Effectiveness of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors for Recurrent Gout Flares and Gout-Primary Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations : A General Population Cohort Study.
Article in Annals of internal medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on gout-related and cardiometabolic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scoping review.Advances in rheumatology (London, England) · 2026Article
- Gout-Related Medication Use After Initiating Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Patients With Gout and Type 2 Diabetes: Population-Based Target Trial Emulation Studies.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Comparative Cardiovascular Safety of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Versus Colchicine Use When Initiating Urate-Lowering Therapy Among Patients With Gout: Target Trial Emulations.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Recent Progress and Perspectives in Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter 1/2 Inhibitors.Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular outcomes and metabolic events in Chinese han patients with chronic heart failure.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2024Article
- Gout and Hyperuricemia: A Narrative Review of Their Comorbidities and Clinical Implications.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Is There a Role for SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease?Current hypertension reports · 2024Review
- Comparative effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors for recurrent nephrolithiasis among patients with pre-existing nephrolithiasis or gout: target trial emulation studies.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2024Article
- Hyperuricemia and its related diseases: mechanisms and advances in therapy.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Managing Gout in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome.Drugs & aging · 2024Review
- Empagliflozin and Risk of Incident Gout: Analysis from the EMPagliflozin Comparative Effectiveness and SafEty (EMPRISE) Cohort Study.Journal of general internal medicine · 2024Article
- Serum urate change among gout patients treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors vs. sulfonylurea: A comparative effectiveness analysis.Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism · 2024Article
- Research advances in the anti-inflammatory effects of SGLT inhibitors in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2024Review
- The clinical benefits of sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors in people with gout.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2024Review
- Emerging therapeutic options for refractory gout.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2024Article
- Diabetes and gout: another role for SGLT2 inhibitors?Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Article
- Emerging Urate-Lowering Drugs and Pharmacologic Treatment Strategies for Gout: A Narrative Review.Drugs · 2023Review
- Patient-important outcomes in type 2 diabetes: The paradigm of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists.Diabetes & vascular disease researchReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) decrease serum urate levels, but whether this translates into prevention of recurrent flares among patients with gout and gout-primary emergency department (ED) visits or hospitalizations is unknown.
objectiveTo compare gout flares and cardiovascular events among patients with gout initiating SGLT2is versus dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP-4is), another second-line glucose-lowering agent not associated with serum urate levels or cardiovascular risk.
designPropensity score-matched, new-user cohort study.
settingGeneral population database from 1 January 2014 to 30 June 2022.
participantsPatients with gout and type 2 diabetes. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was recurrent gout flare counts ascertained by ED, hospitalization, outpatient, and medication dispensing records. Secondary outcomes included myocardial infarction and stroke; genital infection (positive control) and osteoarthritis encounter (negative control) were also assessed. Poisson and Cox proportional hazards regressions were used with 1:1 propensity score matching (primary analysis) and overlap weighting (sensitivity analysis).
resultsAfter propensity score matching, the flare rate was lower among SGLT2i initiators than DPP-4i initiators (52.4 and 79.7 events per 1000 person-years, respectively), with a rate ratio (RR) of 0.66 (95% CI, 0.57 to 0.75) and a rate difference (RD) of -27.4 (CI, -36.0 to -18.7) per 1000 person-years. The corresponding RR and RD for gout-primary ED visits and hospitalizations were 0.52 (CI, 0.32 to 0.84) and -3.4 (CI, -5.8 to -0.9) per 1000 person-years, respectively. The corresponding hazard ratio (HR) and RD for myocardial infarction were 0.69 (CI, 0.54 to 0.88) and -7.6 (CI, -12.4 to -2.8) per 1000 person-years; the HR for stroke was 0.81 (CI, 0.62 to 1.05). Those who initiated SGLT2is showed higher risk for genital infection (HR, 2.15 [CI, 1.39 to 3.30]) and no altered risk for osteoarthritis encounter (HR, 1.07 [CI, 0.95 to 1.20]). Results were similar when propensity score overlap weighting was applied. LIMITATION: Participants had concurrent type 2 diabetes.
conclusionAmong patients with gout, SGLT2is may reduce recurrent flares and gout-primary ED visits and hospitalizations and may provide cardiovascular benefits. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.
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