ArticlePharmacology research & perspectives2023
An analysis of patterns of distribution of buprenorphine in the United States using ARCOS, Medicaid, and Medicare databases.
Article in Pharmacology research & perspectives, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Analysis of buprenorphine distribution patterns among pharmacies and hospitals in the USA from 2019 to 2023.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Patterns in (es)citalopram prescriptions to Medicaid and Medicare patients in the United States: the potential effects of evergreening.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Declines and pronounced state-level variation in clozapine use among Medicare patients.PloS one · 2025Article
- National patterns of paroxetine use among US Medicare patients from 2015-2020.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- An analysis of patterns of distribution of buprenorphine in the United States using ARCOS, Medicaid, and Medicare databases.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2023Article
- Network Analysis of Medical Claims Data Suggests Network-Based, Regional Targeting and Intervention Delivery Strategies to Increase Access to Office Based Opioid Treatment (OBOT) for Opioid Use Disorder (OUD).Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Opioid overdose remains a problem in the United States despite pharmacotherapies, such as buprenorphine, in the treatment of opioid use disorder. This study characterized changes in buprenorphine use. Using the Drug Enforcement Administration's ARCOS, Medicaid, and Medicare claims databases, patterns in buprenorphine usage in the United States from 2018 to 2020 were analyzed by examining percentage changes in total grams distributed and changes in grams per 100 K people in year-to-year usage based on ZIP code and state levels. For ARCOS from 2018 to 2019 and 2019 to 2020, total buprenorphine distribution in grams increased by 16.2% and 12.6%, respectively. South Dakota showed the largest statewide percentage increase in both 2018-2019 (66.1%) and 2019-2020 (36.7%). From 2018 to 2019, the ZIP codes ND-577 (156.4%) and VA-222 (-82.1%) had the largest and smallest percentage changes, respectively. From 2019 to 2020, CA-932 (250.2%) and IL-603 (-36.8%) were the largest and smallest, respectively. In both 2018-2019 and 2019-2020, PA-191 had the second highest increase in grams per 100K while OH-452 was the only ZIP code to remain in the top three largest decreases in grams per 100K in both periods. Among Medicaid patients in 2018, there was a nearly 2000-fold difference in prescriptions per 100k Medicaid enrollees between Kentucky (12 075) and Nebraska (6). Among Medicare enrollees in 2018, family medicine physicians and other primary care providers were the top buprenorphine prescribers. This study not only identified overall increases in buprenorphine availability but also pronounced state-level differences. Such geographic analysis can be used to discern which public policies and regional factors impact buprenorphine access.
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