ArticleArchives of toxicology2023
Oral nicotine pouches with an aftertaste? Part 2: in vitro toxicity in human gingival fibroblasts.
Article in Archives of toxicology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Acute cell‑death and lysosomal stress responses to nicotine and cigarette smoke extract in human mesenchymal stromal cells.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial dysfunction in peri-implantitis: bioinformatics and machine learning analysis with in vivo experiment.Odontology · 2026Article
- Nicotine pouches: an aid in smoking cessation, or a new public health hazard?Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Platelet-rich plasma promotes cellular recovery from nicotine-induced toxicity via autophagy modulation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Comparison of Nicotine and Selected Flavoring Contents Between Tobacco-Free and Tobacco-Containing Oral Pouches.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Patterns and Perception of Nicotine Pouches Use Among Adults in Saudi Arabia.Tobacco use insights · 2026Article
- Prevalence, safety, and role of nicotine pouches in smoking cessation among smokers and the public in Saudi Arabia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A comprehensive review on oral nicotine pouches: Available scientific evidence and future research needs.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2025Review
- The Potential Impact of Oral Nicotine Pouches on Public Health: A Scoping Review.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Review
- Nicotine pouches and youth: emerging patterns and potential cardiovascular risks.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Nicotine pouches: a narrative review of the existing literature.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Comparative evaluation of artificial saliva and complete artificial saliva as solvent vehicles forFrontiers in toxicology · 2025Article
- Microbial dysbiosis in periodontitis and peri-implantitis: pathogenesis, immune responses, and therapeutic.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Oral mucosal changes caused by nicotine pouches: case series.Diagnostic pathology · 2024Article
- Small pouches, but high nicotine doses-nicotine delivery and acute effects after use of tobacco-free nicotine pouches.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Oral nicotine pouches with an aftertaste? Part 1: screening and initial toxicological assessment of flavorings and other ingredients.Archives of toxicology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Nicotine pouches contain fewer characteristic toxicants than conventional tobacco products. However, the associated risks in terms of toxicity and addiction potential are still unclear. Therefore, endpoints of toxicity and contents of flavoring substances were investigated in this study. The in vitro toxicity of five different nicotine pouches and the reference snus CRP1.1 were studied in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1). Cells were exposed to product extracts (nicotine contents: 0.03-1.34 mg/mL) and sampled at different time points. Cytotoxicity, total cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and changes in the expression levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress genes were assessed. Flavor compounds used in the nicotine pouches were identified by GC-MS. Cytotoxicity was observed in two nicotine pouches. Gene expression of interleukin 6 (IL6) and heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) was upregulated by one and three pouches, respectively. ROS production was either increased or decreased, by one pouch each. CRP1.1 caused an upregulation of IL6 and elevated ROS production. Toxicity was not directly dependent on nicotine concentration and osmolarity. A total of 56 flavorings were detected in the five nicotine pouches. Seven flavorings were classified according to the harmonized hazard classification system as laid down in the European Classification, Labelling and Packaging regulation. Nine flavorings are known cytotoxins. Cytotoxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress responses indicate that adverse effects such as local lesions in the buccal mucosa may occur after chronic product use. In conclusion, flavorings used in nicotine pouches likely contribute to the toxicity of nicotine pouches.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.