Trial reportAlzheimer's research & therapy2023
Quantification of identifying cognitive impairment using olfactory-stimulated functional near-infrared spectroscopy with machine learning: a post hoc analysis of a diagnostic trial and validation of an external additional trial.
Trial report in Alzheimer's research & therapy, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease across diverse biological domains: an umbrella review and evidence map.Journal of advanced research · 2026Pooled it
- Diagnostic potential of near-infrared spectroscopy in mild cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disorders: Implications for resource-limited settings.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Pooled it
- Functional near-infrared spectroscopy: Systematic mapping of abnormal brain function features in neurological disorders.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Artificial Intelligence for Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis: From Traditional Machine Learning to Large Language Models.Biosensors · 2026Review
- Article
- Use of Artificial Intelligence for the Early Detection and Prediction of Alzheimer's Disease.Cureus · 2026Review
- On-scene machine learning prediction model for massive transfusion in trauma and its association with in-hospital mortality.BJS open · 2025Article
- Serum Neurofilament light chain predicts autonomic symptoms in early Parkinson's disease.Neurodegenerative disease management · 2025Article
- Altered Prefrontal Dynamic Functional Connectivity in Vascular Dementia During Olfactory Stimulation: An fNIRS Study.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Diagnostic Efficacy of Olfactory Function Test Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy with Machine Learning in Healthy Adults: A Prospective Diagnostic-Accuracy (Feasibility/Validation) Study in Healthy Adults with Algorithm Development.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Exploration of Olfaction and ChiPSO in Pediatric Cystic Fibrosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- The Role of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Diseases as Support to Clinical Practice: An Overview of the Literature.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Artificial intelligence models predicting abnormal uterine bleeding after COVID-19 vaccination.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Substance Use in Adolescents in Three Independent Worldwide Cohorts: Algorithm Development and Validation Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Prediction model for type 2 diabetes mellitus and its association with mortality using machine learning in three independent cohorts from South Korea, Japan, and the UK: a model development and validation study.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Multisensory Stimulation in Rehabilitation of Dementia: A Systematic Review.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Mitochondrial and ER stress crosstalk in TBI: mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Review
- Machine Learning-Based Prediction for Incident Hypertension Based on Regular Health Checkup Data: Derivation and Validation in 2 Independent Nationwide Cohorts in South Korea and Japan.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Article
- Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Neurodegenerative Disease in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes by Derivation and Validation in 2 Independent Korean Cohorts: Model Development and Validation Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Article
- Effects of intraoperative body temperature, blood pressure, cerebral tissue oxygenation, and anesthesia type on postoperative cognitive functions in geriatric arthroplasty surgery for hip fracture.Joint diseases and related surgery · 2024Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWe aimed to quantify the identification of mild cognitive impairment and/or Alzheimer's disease using olfactory-stimulated functional near-infrared spectroscopy using machine learning through a post hoc analysis of a previous diagnostic trial and an external additional trial.
methodsWe conducted two independent, patient-level, single-group, diagnostic interventional trials (original and additional trials) involving elderly volunteers (aged > 60 years) with suspected declining cognitive function. All volunteers were assessed by measuring the oxygenation difference in the orbitofrontal cortex using an open-label olfactory-stimulated functional near-infrared spectroscopy approach, medical interview, amyloid positron emission tomography, brain magnetic resonance imaging, Mini-Mental State Examination, and Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery.
resultsIn total, 97 (original trial) and 36 (additional trial) elderly volunteers with suspected decline in cognitive function met the eligibility criteria. The statistical model reported classification accuracies of 87.3% in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in internal validation (original trial) but 63.9% in external validation (additional trial). The machine learning algorithm achieved 92.5% accuracy with the internal validation data and 82.5% accuracy with the external validation data. For the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment, machine learning performed better than statistical methods with internal (86.0% versus 85.2%) and external validation data (85.4% versus 68.8%).
interpretationIn two independent trials, machine learning models using olfactory-stimulated oxygenation differences in the orbitofrontal cortex were superior in diagnosing mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease compared to classic statistical models. Our results suggest that the machine learning algorithm is stable across different patient groups and increases generalization and reproducibility.
trial registrationClinical Research Information Service (CRiS) of Republic of Korea; CRIS numbers, KCT0006197 and KCT0007589.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.