ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2023
Elevated blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of microglial activation and blood‒brain barrier disruption in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and Safety of Adjunctive Minocycline in the Treatment of Autoimmune Encephalitis (MEET): A Proof of Concept Study.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Trial
- Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Associated with Ovarian Teratoma: A Comprehensive Review.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Fiber-Electrospun Hydrogel Therapy for DNP: A synergistic electrospun-hydrogel composite for alleviating diabetic neuropathic pain via MMP9 regulation and sodium channel inhibition.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2026Article
- Pathology-directed drug delivery strategies: How to overcome blood-brain barrier for the treatment of brain diseases.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Hyodeoxycholic acid relieves neuropathic pain by activating farnesoid X receptor signaling.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Soluble TREM2 Is Elevated in Pediatric Patients with Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Parkinson's disease: spatiotemporal regulation and therapeutic prospects of TREM2-mediated microglial responses.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
- The first reported case ofFrontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota-neuroimmune crosstalk in autoimmune encephalitis: mechanistic insights and therapeutic prospects.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Glymphatic surrogate, choroid plexus remodeling, and exploratory brain network analysis in the post-acute phase of anti-NMDAR encephalitis: multimodal MRI evidence for cognitive associations and differential white matter mediation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Total cerebrospinal fluid IgA as a candidate adjunctive biomarker associated with autoimmune encephalitis: a retrospective case-control study.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Article
- Altered tyrosine metabolism and B lymphocyte profiles are associated with disease severity in pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a cross-sectional study.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Research developments in the neurovascular unit and the blood‑brain barrier (Review).Biomedical reports · 2025Review
- Microglial Activation Visualized by [European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- The Involvement of Glial Cells in Blood-Brain Barrier Damage in Neuroimmune Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- CX3CR1Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Exploring the neuroprotective role of artesunate in mouse models of anti-NMDAR encephalitis: insights from molecular mechanisms and transmission electron microscopy.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAnti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune disease characterized by complex neuropsychiatric syndrome and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NMDAR antibodies. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) has been reported to be associated with inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS). Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) and cluster of differentiation (CD44) were measured to evaluate blood‒brain barrier (BBB) permeability in anti-NMDAR encephalitis. The roles of microglial activation and BBB disruption in anti-NMDAR encephalitis are not well known.
findingsIn this work, we detected increased expression levels of CSF sTREM2, CSF and serum CD44, and serum MMP9 in anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients compared with controls. CSF sTREM2 levels were positively related to both CSF CD44 levels (r = 0.702, p < 0.0001) and serum MMP9 levels (r = 0.428, p = 0.021). In addition, CSF sTREM2 levels were related to clinical parameters (modified Rankin Scale scores, r = 0.422, p = 0.023, and Glasgow Coma Scale scores, r = - 0.401, p = 0.031).
conclusionIncreased sTREM2 levels in CSF as well as increased CD44 and MMP9 in serum and CSF reflected activation of microglia and disruption of the BBB in anti-NMDAR encephalitis, expanding the understanding of neuroinflammation in this disease. The factors mentioned above may have potential as novel targets for intervention or novel diagnostic biomarkers.
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