ArticlePloS one2023
COVID-19 incidence and outcome by affluence/deprivation across three pandemic waves in Ireland: A retrospective cohort study using routinely collected data.
Article in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Area level measures of socioeconomic deprivation and their impact on very preterm birth and very preterm birth outcomes: A retrospective cohort study.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- The impact of the COVID-19 vaccination programme on symptomatic and severe SARS-CoV-2 infection during a period of Omicron variant dominance in Ireland, December 2021 to March 2023.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2024Observational
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSince the pandemic onset, deprivation has been seen as a significant determinant of COVID-19 incidence and mortality. This study explores outcomes of COVID-19 in the context of material deprivation across three pandemic waves in Ireland.
methodsBetween 1st March 2020 and 13th May 2021, 252,637 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases were notified in Ireland. Cases were notified to the national Computerised Infectious Disease Reporting (CIDR) system. Each case was geo-referenced and assigned a deprivation category according to the Haase-Pratschke (HP) Deprivation Index. Regression modelling examined three outcomes: admission to hospital; admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) and death.
resultsDeprivation increased the likelihood of contracting COVID-19 in all age groups and across all pandemic waves, except for the 20-39 age group. Deprivation, age, comorbidity and male gender carried increased risk of hospital admission. Deprivation was not a factor in predicting ICU admission or death, and diagnosis in wave 2 was associated with the lowest risk of all three outcomes.
conclusionsOur study suggests that COVID-19 spreads easily through all strata of society and particularly in the more deprived population; however this was not a consistent finding. Ireland is ethnically more homogenous than other countries reporting a larger deprivation gradient, and in such societies, structural racial differences may contribute more to poor COVID outcomes than elements of deprivation.
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