ArticleCureus2023
Co-occurrence of Anti-GAD65 Syndrome, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, and Focal Seizures With Impaired Awareness.
Article in Cureus, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical heterogeneity and immunotherapy outcomes in anti-GAD65 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis: a retrospective study.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Article
- A Case Report of Anti-GAD65 Antibody-Positive Autoimmune Encephalitis Associated with Diabetes.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an intracellular enzyme found in the presynaptic end of nerve terminals that functions to synthesize gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) via decarboxylation. Autoantibodies to the GAD65 isoform have been found in high levels in neurological disorders including stiff person syndrome (SPS), autoimmune encephalitis, and refractory epilepsy. Low levels of anti-GAD65 have also been noted in type 1 diabetes mellitus. We present the unusual case of a woman with a longstanding history of focal seizures with impaired awareness and type 1 diabetes mellitus who was found to have extremely high titers of anti-GAD65 and clinical presentation suggestive of stiff person syndrome. This case highlights the increasing significance of autoimmune etiologies within neurologic disorders, as well as the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for rare anti-GAD65 syndromes. Although uncommon and with an unclear pathophysiology, we discuss the importance of establishing SPS diagnostic criteria to facilitate timely diagnosis and quickly direct patient management towards immunotherapy.
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Registered trials
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