ArticleFrontiers in immunology2023
Growth hormone remodels the 3D-structure of the mitochondria of inflammatory macrophages and promotes metabolic reprogramming.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- The application of growth factors in bone tissue engineering delivery systems and collaborative innovation strategies.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Growth hormone restrains inflammatory activity of microglia/macrophages in CNS autoimmunity.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Regulation of macrophage polarization in chronic airway inflammatory diseases: immune interactions, metabolic reprogramming, and beyond.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Single-Cell Analysis Dissects the Effects of Vitamin D on Genetic Senescence Signatures Across Murine Tissues.Nutrients · 2025Article
- AI-based hardware and software tools in microscopy to boost research in immunology and virology.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Growth hormone in pediatric chronic kidney disease: more than just height.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Macrophages are a heterogeneous population of innate immune cells that support tissue homeostasis through their involvement in tissue development and repair, and pathogen defense. Emerging data reveal that metabolism may control macrophage polarization and function and, conversely, phenotypic polarization may drive metabolic reprogramming. Methods: Here we use biochemical analysis, correlative cryogenic fluorescence microscopy and cryo-focused ion-beam scanning electron microscopy. Results: We demonstrate that growth hormone (GH) reprograms inflammatory GM-CSF-primed monocyte-derived macrophages (GM-MØ) by functioning as a metabolic modulator. We found that exogenous treatment of GM-MØ with recombinant human GH reduced glycolysis and lactate production to levels similar to those found in anti-inflammatory M-MØ. Moreover, GH treatment of GM-MØ augmented mitochondrial volume and altered mitochondrial dynamics, including the remodeling of the inner membrane to increase the density of cristae. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that GH likely serves a modulatory role in the metabolism of inflammatory macrophages and suggest that metabolic reprogramming of macrophages should be considered as a new target to intervene in inflammatory diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.