ArticleJournal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology2024
Detection of the fungicide transformation product 4-hydroxychlorothalonil in serum of pregnant women from Sweden and Costa Rica.
Article in Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 8 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Pesticide Exposure on Asthma and Allergic Airway Disease.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2026Review
- Determination of Chemical Mixtures in Environmental, Food, and Human Samples Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry-Based Suspect Screening Approaches.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Identification and Clinical Evaluation of Potential Biomarkers for Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP/ABCG2).Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Article
- Simultaneous Determination of Chlorothalonil and 4-Hydroxy-Chlorothalonil in Sulfur-Rich Vegetables by UHPLC-MS/MS with a Synergistic Enzyme Inhibition Strategy.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Endocrine-disrupting pesticide exposure relevant to reproductive health: a case study from Costa Rica.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2025Review
- Isothermal Detection Methods for Fungal Pathogens in Closed Environment Agriculture.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Longitudinal Exposomics in a Multiomic Wellness Cohort Reveals Distinctive and Dynamic Environmental Chemical Mixtures in Blood.Environmental science & technology · 2024Article
- Plasma metabolites as potential markers and targets to prevent and treat urolithiasis: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
background4-hydroxychlorothalonil (HCT, R182281), a transformation product of the fungicide chlorothalonil, was recently identified in human serum and breast milk. There are indications that HCT may be more toxic and environmentally persistent than chlorothalonil.
objectiveOur aim was to investigate serum concentrations of HCT in pregnant women in Sweden and Costa Rica.
methodsWe developed a quantitative analytical method for HCT using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We measured HCT in 1808 serum samples from pregnant women from the general population in Sweden (1997-2015) and in 632 samples from 393 pregnant women from an agricultural population in Costa Rica (2010-2011). In Swedish samples, we assessed time trends and investigated seasonality. In the Costa Rican samples, we evaluated variability between and within women and explanatory variables of HCT concentrations.
resultsHCT was detected in all serum samples, and the limit of detection was 0.1 µg/L. The median HCT concentration in the Swedish samples was 4.1 µg/L (interquartile range [IQR] of 2.9 - 5.8 µg/L), and 3.9 times higher in the Costa Rican samples (median: 16.1 µg/L; IQR: 10.6 - 25.0 µg/L). We found clear seasonal variation with higher concentrations in the first half of each year among Swedish women. In the Costa Rican study, women working in agriculture and living near banana plantations had higher HCT concentrations, whilst higher parity and having a partner working in agriculture were associated with decreased HCT, and no clear seasonal pattern was observed. IMPACT STATEMENT: For the first time, this study quantifies human exposure to the fungicide chlorothalonil and/or its transformation product 4-hydroxychlorothalonil (HCT, R182281) and finds higher serum concentrations in women from a tropical agricultural setting as compared with women from the general population in Sweden.
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