ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2023
Dogs' expectations about occlusion events: from expectancy violation to exploration.
Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Infant representations of social relationships: the need to consider the social world.The Behavioral and brain sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Perception of animacy leads to expectation of goal-directed behaviour in dogs.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Do dogs rationally infer the causes of failed actions?PloS one · 2026Article
- Epistemic Curiosity in Kea Parrots and Human Children.Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science · 2025Article
- Object permanence in domestic cats (Felis catus) using violation-of-expectancy by owner and stranger.PloS one · 2025Article
- On your terms or mine: pigs' response to imposed gentle tactile contact vs. free form interaction with a familiar human.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Domestic dogs as a comparative model for social neuroscience: Advances and challenges.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2024Review
- Do dogs preferentially encode the identity of the target object or the location of others' actions?Animal cognition · 2024Article
- Perception of animate motion in dogs.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Review
- Action observation reveals a network with divergent temporal and parietal cortex engagement in dogs compared with humans.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Dogs' expectations about occlusion events: from expectancy violation to exploration.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Previous research on human infants has shown that violations of basic physical regularities can stimulate exploration, which may represent a type of hypothesis testing aimed at acquiring knowledge about new causal relationships. In this study, we examined whether a similar connection between expectancy violation and exploration exists in nonhuman animals. Specifically, we investigated how dogs react to expectancy violations in the context of occlusion events. Throughout three experiments, dogs exhibited longer looking times at expectancy-inconsistent events than at consistent ones. This finding was further supported by pupil size analyses in the first two eye-tracking experiments. Our results suggest that dogs expect objects to reappear when they are not obstructed by a screen and consider the size of the occluding screen in relation to the occluded object. In Experiment 3, expectancy violations increased the dogs' exploration of the target object, similar to the findings with human infants. We conclude that expectancy violations can provide learning opportunities for nonhuman animals as well.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.