ArticleBMJ global health2023
Estimating the economic burden of long-Covid: the additive cost of healthcare utilisation among COVID-19 recoverees in Israel.
Article in BMJ global health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Factors affecting the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on post COVID-19 conditions among adults: A systematic literature review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of vaccination on prevention of long COVID.Nature communications · 2025Pooled it
- Plasma exchange therapy for the post COVID-19 condition: a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of COVID-19 vaccination in a South African privately insured population: a real-world claims-based analysis.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Characteristics, all-cause healthcare resource utilisation, and costs among high-risk adults with long COVID during Omicron predominance, 2022-2023: a retrospective cohort study using UK primary care data.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Cost-effectiveness of a brief cognitive-behavioral outpatient rehabilitation program for patients with post-COVID-19 condition within a pragmatic randomized controlled trial.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2026Article
- Post-acute healthcare expenditure following COVID-19 hospitalization and associated social inequalities in Belgium: a matched cohort study.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- A comparison of allied healthcare versus no allied healthcare on participation, fatigue, physical functioning and health-related quality of life for patients with persistent complaints after a COVID-19 infection.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Self-medication and off-label prescribing in post COVID-19 syndrome: Baseline data of a randomized acupressure and qigong trial.Integrative medicine research · 2025Article
- Acute and Postacute Health Care Utilization and Costs After Dengue Infection: A Population-Based Cohort Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Population-Based Matched Cohort Study of COVID-19 Healthcare Costs, Ontario, Canada.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Healthcare Resource Utilization (HCRU) and Direct Medical Costs Associated with Long COVID or Post-COVID-19 Conditions: Findings from a Literature Review.Journal of market access & health policy · 2025Review
- Health Resort Treatment Mitigates Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Long COVID Patients: A Retrospective Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Health Care Personnel Workdays Lost and Direct Health Care Salary Costs Incurred due to COVID-19 Infection in the Age of Widespread Vaccine Availability.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Long COVID science, research and policy.Nature medicine · 2024Review
- Article
- Inequalities in Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Measured Using Financing Incidence Analysis (FIA): A Systematic Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Current update on the neurological manifestations of long COVID: more questions than answers.EXCLI journal · 2024Review
- Article
- Gut Microbiota and Mitochondria: Health and Pathophysiological Aspects of Long COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionPostacute sequelae resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infections (LONG-COVID) have been reported. The resulting added economic burden from the perspective of healthcare organisations is not clear. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the additive healthcare costs among COVID-19 recoverees, in a large community-dwelling general population, as incurred by an insurer-provider organisation over time.
methodsIn this historical cohort study, cost data from Clalit Health Services (CHS) were analysed. The primary endpoint was the direct cost incurred by CHS per month per person. Costs were measured for COVID-19 recoverees and matched controls, from January 2019 to January 2022. Difference in differences (DiDs) were calculated as the difference in mean monthly costs in cases and controls in the post-COVID-19 individual period, deducing their cost difference in a prepandemic 12 months baseline period.
resultsAmong N=642 868 community-dwelling COVID-19 recoverees, 268 948 (40.8%) were 0-19 years old and 63 051 (9.6%) were 60 years or older. A total of 16 017 (2.5%) of recoverees had been hospitalised during the acute phase of the COVID-19 disease. Costs in cases and controls converged after 16 months from recovery. The mean monthly cost incurred by CHS per COVID-19 recoverees over up to 15 months (mean: 8.25) of post-COVID-19 follow-up was higher by 8.2% (US$8.2) compared with matched controls. The excess cost attributable to post-COVID-19 effects (DID) was 7.6% of the cost in controls (US$7.7 per patient per month). Both net and relative DIDs were substantially higher in patients who required hospitalisation during the acute phase of COVID-19 and in older adults. Excess in hospitalisations, primary care physicians and medical specialists' visits-related costs were observed.
conclusionsLong-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infections translate into excess healthcare costs, months after recovery, hence requiring adjustments of funds allocation. These excess costs gradually diminish after recoveree, returning to baseline differences 16 months after recoveree.
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