ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation2023
The latent reservoir of inducible, infectious HIV-1 does not decrease despite decades of antiretroviral therapy.
Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 105 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
105 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Liver Cancer Risk and Incidence Attributable to Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Meta-Analysis and Population-Attributable Modeling Study of Over 1.2 Million Individuals.International journal of cancer · 2026Pooled it
- Reservoir differences across HIV-1 subtypes: a systematic review to guide cure research.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Association between baseline HIV-1 DNA levels and clinical outcomes in people living with HIV: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Pooled it
- Study protocol for neuroimaging using 7 T MRI in the investigation of baricitinib for reduction of HIV in the CNS: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.BMC medical imaging · 2026Trial
- Intact and Defective HIV Provirus Changes During Antiretroviral Therapy in People Treated During Acute or Chronic HIV Infection or as HIV Controllers.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- NSUN2-mediated m5C modification of HIV-1 RNA enables evasion of RIG‑I‑dependent innate immunity.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- The immunophenotype and proviral landscape of HIV-infected CD4 T cells during antiretroviral therapy.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- The rebound-initiating viral reservoir (RIVR) in SIV/SHIV infection is dominated by plasma virus sequences present at the time of ART initiation.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- HCV-specific CD4EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Dibenzoacridinium derivatives: a new class of G-quadruplex ligands with anti-HIV-1 properties.RSC medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- Early intervention, lasting impact: benefits of early antiretroviral therapy and implications for posttreatment control.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2026Review
- Antigen Stimulation Reactivates HIV-1 Proviruses Despite Integration in Repressive Chromatin.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- What's Hot in HIV in 2025-A Basic and Translational Science Review From IDWeek 2025.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Dynamics of Intact and Defective Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Proviruses During Decades of Suppressive Antiretroviral Treatment in Young Adults With Perinatal HIV.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- 5' leader defects drive persistent HIV-1 viremia on long-term ART.Nature communications · 2026Article
- AZD5582 robustly reactivates latently infected cells and clears the majority of those reactivated from the SIV reservoir.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Preparation, Oral SNEDDS Formulation, and In Vivo Evaluation of the HIV-1 Latency-Reversing Agent EK-16A.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Long-term HIV-1 remission achieved through allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant from a CCR5Δ32/Δ32 sibling donor.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- HIV-1 infection does not confer intrinsic resistance to cell death induced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Roles of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in viral latency.Journal of virology · 2026Review
45 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
26 authors.
Funding
Abstract
HIV-1 persists in a latent reservoir in resting CD4+ T cells despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). The reservoir decays slowly over the first 7 years of ART (t1/2 = 44 months). However, whether decay continues with long-term ART is unclear. Recent integration site studies indicate gradual selection against inducible, intact proviruses, raising speculation that decades of ART might allow treatment interruption without viral rebound. Therefore, we measured the reservoir in 42 people on long-term ART (mean 22 years) using a quantitative viral outgrowth assay. After 7 years of ART, there was no long-term decrease in the frequency of inducible, replication-competent proviruses but rather an increase with an estimated doubling time of 23 years. Another reservoir assay, the intact proviral DNA assay, confirmed that reservoir decay with t1/2 of 44 months did not continue with long-term ART. The lack of decay reflected proliferation of infected cells. Most inducible, replication-competent viruses (79.8%) had env sequences identical to those of other isolates from the same sample. Thus, although integration site analysis indicates changes in reservoir composition, the proliferation of CD4+ T cells counteracts decay, maintaining the frequency of inducible, replication-competent proviruses at roughly constant levels over the long term. These results reinforce the need for lifelong ART.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.