ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2023
Dissecting antenatal care inequalities in western Nepal: insights from a community-based cohort study.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Observational analysis of factors associated with completion of four or more antenatal care visits in Sarlahi district, Nepal.BMJ open · 2026Trial
- Prevalence of and factors influencing early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding for the first two days after birth in the mountainous regions of Karnali, Nepal.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Quality Assessment of Antenatal Care in Public Health Facilities of Nepal's Hilly District: An Observational Study.JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association · 2025Observational
- Dietary Practices Among Young Children in Nepal's Karnali Mountains: A Community-Based Study on Meal Frequency, Diversity, and Fruit or Vegetable Intake.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The impact of multidimensional poverty on antenatal care service utilisation in Malawi.Health economics review · 2025Article
- Examining the combined effect of antenatal care visits and iron-folic acid supplementation on low birth weight: a pooled analysis of two national data sets from Nepal.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
- Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding among infants under six months in Nepal: multilevel analysis of nationally representative household survey data.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Synergistic associations of antenatal care visits and iron-folic acid supplementation with low birth weight: a pooled analysis of national surveys from six south Asian countries.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Predictors of antenatal care services utilization by pregnant women in Afghanistan: Evidence from the Afghanistan Health Survey 2018.PloS one · 2024Article
- Socioeconomic inequality in timing of ANC visit among pregnant women in Ethiopia, 2019.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAntenatal care (ANC) ensures continuity of care in maternal and foetal health. Understanding the quality and timing of antenatal care (ANC) is important to further progress maternal health in Nepal. This study aimed to investigate the proportion of and factors associated with, key ANC services in western Nepal.
methodsData from a community-based cohort study were utilized to evaluate the major ANC service outcomes: (i) three or less ANC visits (underutilization) (ii) late initiation (≥ 4 months) and (iii) suboptimal ANC (< 8 quality indicators). Mothers were recruited and interviewed within 30 days of childbirth. The outcomes and the factors associated with them were reported using frequency distribution and multiple logistic regressions, respectively.
resultsOnly 7.5% of 735 mothers reported not attending any ANC visits. While only a quarter (23.77%) of mothers reported under-utilizing ANC, more than half of the women (55.21%) initiated ANC visits late, and one-third (33.8%) received suboptimal ANC quality. A total of seven factors were associated with the suboptimal ANC. Mothers with lower education attainment, residing in rural areas, and those who received service at home, were more likely to attain three or less ANC visits, late initiation of ANC, and report receiving suboptimal ANC. Furthermore, mothers from poor family backgrounds appeared to initiate ANC late. Mothers from disadvantaged Madhesi communities tended to receive suboptimal ANC.
conclusionsDespite a high ANC attendance, a significant proportion of mothers had initiated ANC late and received suboptimal care. There is a need to tailor ANC services to better support women from Madhesi ethnic community, as well as those with poor and less educated backgrounds to reduce the inequalities in maternal health care.
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