Vietnam's Evolving Healthcare System: Notable Successes and Significant Challenges.

From regional and rural grassroots to a nationwide level, Vietnam has established a four-tiered hierarchical healthcare system, comprising national, provincial, district, and commune healthcare centers. Over the last three decades, alongside increasing provision of universal health insurance coverage and cutting healthcare expenditure, the country has demonstrated its dedication to preventative medicine and health promotion. Recent investment in research, development, and production has led to "homegrown" vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 now undergoing clinical trial. Nevertheless, despite substantial progress in improving health outcomes for the entire population, the healthcare sector experiences significant challenges. The current public system is paper-based, requires digitalization, and lacks information technology support. In common with many other countries, there is a vast disparity in the distribution of healthcare professionals between cities and rural areas, as well as between private and public sectors. Consequently, public healthcare in remote locations is particularly underserved. Moreover, ongoing underfunding caused by high out-of-pocket expenses for the average salary, as well as stigmatization of sensitive health issues by a largely conservative populace, demand a well-articulated and culturally sensitive approach. As the level of smartphone ownership and internet coverage are both comparatively high for Southeast Asia, the introduction of telemedicine, mobile health applications, and other digital health solutions may be both practicable and beneficial. Importantly, in order to develop healthcare facilities and reduce patient direct payments, the key issue of funding must be addressed. In order to overcome disease-related stigma, a locally tailored program of community education, awareness, and engagement is required. In summary, in several ways, Vietnam provides a role model for developing healthcare systems in low- and middle-income countries. There are undoubted hurdles to overcome, but the country continues to construct a healthcare system that is accessible and affordable for the majority.